We surveyed the relationship between the scale of space weather events and their occurrence rate in Japan, and we discussed the social impact of these phenomena during the Project for Solar–Terrestrial Environment Prediction (PSTEP) in 2015–2019. The information was compiled for domestic users of space weather forecasts for appropriate preparedness against space weather disasters. This paper gives a comprehensive summary of the survey, focusing on the fields of electricity, satellite operations, communication and broadcasting, satellite positioning usage, aviation, human space activity, and daily life on the Earth’s surface, using the cutting-edge knowledge of space weather. Quantitative estimations of the economic impact of space weather events on electricity supply and aviation are also given. Some topics requiring future research, which were identified during the survey are also described.

Graphic Abstract

中文翻译：

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日本社会的太空天气基准

我们调查了日本空间天气事件的规模与其发生率之间的关系，并在2015-2019年的“太阳—陆地环境预测”（PSTEP）项目中讨论了这些现象的社会影响。该信息是为空间天气预报的国内用户编写的，以对空间天气灾害作适当的准备。本文对这项调查进行了全面的总结，重点介绍了电力，卫星运行，通信和广播，卫星定位的使用，航空，人类空间活动以及地球表面的日常生活等领域，并利用了最先进的空间知识天气。还给出了空间天气事件对电力供应和航空经济影响的定量估计。一些需要进一步研究的主题，

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