ABSTRACT

Whakaari/White Island is a partially submerged, offshore andesite island volcano, located at the northern end of the Taupō Volcanic Zone. Since the late 1960s, volcanic activity has alternated between quiescence, unrest, and eruption on short timescales. For this review we compiled extensive observational records, examined the rich scientific literature, and use newly acquired data, to understand the broad volcanic history and system dynamics. Based on recent bathymetry data, we propose a distinction exists between the Whakaari edifice and Te Paepae o Aotea/Volkner Rocks, which were previously considered to be part of the same edifice. Geochemical analyses of scoria samples from the island have been used to build a magma system model where dominantly andesitic-dacitic magma is periodically intruded by basalt. More dynamic processes are recorded in the hydrothermal system, where the location and activity of fumarolic features have been ephemeral and the crater lake has varied in scale over short time intervals. Eruptions of the dominantly andesitic magma have historically been small and range from phreatomagmatic through to magmatic, largely depositing ash and scoria to a restricted distance that is confined to the main crater floor. Phreatic eruptions are the most common eruption style, based on recently observed and monitored activity.

摘要

华卡里/怀特岛是一座部分淹没的离岸安山岛火山，位于陶波火山带的北端。自 1960 年代后期以来，火山活动在短期内在静止、动荡和喷发之间交替。在这次审查中，我们汇编了大量的观测记录，查阅了丰富的科学文献，并使用新获得的数据来了解广泛的火山历史和系统动力学。根据最近的水深测量数据，我们建议 Whakaari 大厦和 Te Paepae o Aotea/Volkner Rocks 之间存在区别，它们以前被认为是同一大厦的一部分。岛上火山渣样品的地球化学分析已被用于建立一个岩浆系统模型，其中主要是安山质-英安质岩浆被玄武岩周期性侵入。在热液系统中记录了更多的动态过程，其中喷气岩特征的位置和活动是短暂的，火山口湖的规模在很短的时间间隔内发生了变化。以安山岩为主的岩浆在历史上的喷发规模很小，范围从潜水岩浆到岩浆，主要是沉积灰烬和火山渣，距离仅限于主火山口底部的有限距离。根据最近观察和监测的活动，潜水喷发是最常见的喷发方式。主要将火山灰和矿渣沉积在限制在主火山口底部的有限距离内。根据最近观察和监测的活动，潜水喷发是最常见的喷发方式。主要将火山灰和矿渣沉积在限制在主火山口底部的有限距离内。根据最近观察和监测的活动，潜水喷发是最常见的喷发方式。