In response to growing concerns about public health risks of antibiotic resistance from food production, a range of regulations have been implemented on agricultural antibiotic use worldwide. Although the Danish yellow card initiative, antibiotic quantitative restriction, is considered as the most sophisticated latest addition, no rigorous empirical research has been conducted yet. This article provides the first empirical estimates of the effect of the yellow card initiative on the economic performance of farmers. The results show that the initiative has reduced gross profit and increased operating expenses of farmers. As such, farmers have spent more labour hours and costs performing biosecurity, increased spending on veterinary medical services and feed, which might have driven the reduction in profit.

中文翻译：

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定量投入限制与农民经济绩效：来自丹麦抗生素黄牌倡议的证据

为了应对人们对食品生产中抗生素耐药性的公共卫生风险日益关注的问题，全球范围内已经实施了一系列关于农业抗生素使用的法规。虽然丹麦黄牌倡议，抗生素数量限制，被认为是最复杂的最新补充，但尚未进行严格的实证研究。本文首次对黄牌倡议对农民经济绩效的影响进行了实证估计。结果表明，该举措减少了毛利，增加了农民的经营费用。因此，农民在生物安全方面花费了更多的劳动时间和成本，增加了兽医医疗服务和饲料的支出，这可能导致利润减少。