The conflicts in Syria and Iraq, being some of the most documented in history, have also led to one of the largest influxes of refugees to Europe in recent years. Many of the asylum seekers arriving in European cities identified themselves, or have been identified, as victims, witnesses or perpetrators of atrocities. Consequently, criminal investigations have been initiated by the local police with the aim of prosecuting those responsible for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Syria and Iraq. With an increasing number of war crimes prosecutions in European domestic courts relating to the atrocities committed, documented and shared by returning fighters, domestic authorities are compelled to find ways to effectively collect, process, analyse and share the user-generated data. This article discusses the ways in which digital evidence related to the conflicts in Syria and Iraq, particularly online open source materials, are being litigated and judicially evaluated in the domestic jurisdictions of Germany, Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands. Finding parallels between these approaches, with the aim of distilling best practices in evidence collection, processing and analysis, should inform future prosecutions of international crimes in domestic jurisdictions worldwide.

中文翻译：

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国内核心国际犯罪起诉中的数字证据

叙利亚和伊拉克的冲突是历史上记录最多的冲突之一，也导致了近年来最大规模的难民涌入欧洲之一。许多抵达欧洲城市的寻求庇护者自称或已被认定为暴行的受害者、证人或肇事者。因此，当地警方启动了刑事调查，旨在起诉应对在叙利亚和伊拉克犯下的种族灭绝罪、战争罪和危害人类罪负责的人。随着欧洲国内法院越来越多地对返回的战士所犯、记录和分享的暴行提起战争罪起诉，国内当局不得不寻找有效收集、处理、分析和共享用户生成数据的方法。本文讨论了与叙利亚和伊拉克冲突相关的数字证据，尤其是在线开源材料，在德国、芬兰、瑞典和荷兰的国内司法管辖区进行诉讼和司法评估的方式。寻找这些方法之间的相似之处，旨在提炼证据收集、处理和分析方面的最佳实践，应该为未来在全球国内司法管辖区对国际犯罪的起诉提供信息。