Neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability and the second leading cause of death globally. To challenge this enormous disease burden, scientists are pursuing innovative solutions to maintain and improve the quality of neurological care. Despite the availability of many effective evidence-based practices, many patients with neurological disorders cannot access these (or receive them inefficiently after a long delay) and may be exposed to unnecessary, expensive, and potentially harmful treatments. To promote the systematic uptake of evidence-based practices into the real world, a new scientific study of methods has been developed: implementation science. In implementation science research, transdisciplinary research teams systematically (using theory, model, and framework) assess local barriers to facilitate the adoption of evidence-based practices and examine potential solutions using implementation strategies (interventions that help adoption of intended practices) targeting multiple levels in the health care system, including patient, provider, clinic, facility, organization, or broader community and policy environment. The success of these strategies (implementation outcomes) is measured by the extent and quality of the implementation. Implementation studies can be either observational or interventional but are distinct from traditional efficacy or effectiveness studies. Traditional neuroscience research and clinical trials, conducted in controlled settings, focus on discovering new insights with little consideration of translating those insights into the everyday practice of a resource-constrained and dynamic health care system. Thus, neurologists should become familiar with implementation science to reduce the knowledge-practice gap, maximize health care value, and improve management of brain disorders affecting public health.

神经系统疾病是导致残疾的主要原因，也是全球第二大死亡原因。为了挑战这种巨大的疾病负担，科学家们正在寻求创新的解决方案来维持和提高神经系统护理的质量。尽管有许多有效的循证实践可供使用，但许多神经系统疾病患者无法获得这些（或在长时间延迟后无法有效地接受它们），并且可能会接受不必要的、昂贵的和潜在有害的治疗。为了促进将循证实践系统地应用到现实世界中，已经开发了一种新的方法科学研究：实施科学。在实施科学研究中，跨学科研究团队系统地（使用理论、模型、和框架）评估当地障碍以促进采用基于证据的做法，并使用针对医疗保健系统中多个级别（包括患者、提供者、诊所、设施、组织）的实施策略（有助于采用预期做法的干预措施）检查潜在的解决方案，或更广泛的社区和政策环境。这些策略的成功（实施结果）是通过实施的程度和质量来衡量的。实施研究可以是观察性的或干预性的，但不同于传统的疗效或有效性研究。在受控环境中进行的传统神经科学研究和临床试验，专注于发现新见解，很少考虑将这些见解转化为资源受限和动态医疗保​​健系统的日常实践。因此，神经科医生应该熟悉实施科学，以减少知识与实践的差距，最大限度地提高医疗保健价值，并改善对影响公共卫生的脑部疾病的管理。