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Global supply chains, trade agreements and rules of origin
World Economy ( IF 2.000 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-15 , DOI: 10.1111/twec.13137
David Tsirekidze 1
Affiliation  

Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) usually come with restrictions on the use of intermediate inputs in order for final goods to qualify for free trade. I focus on Rules of Origin (RoO), which limit expenses on nonmember country's intermediate inputs. In a three-country FTA formation game, I introduce international trade in intermediate inputs and RoO restrictions. In the case of symmetric countries, I show that as countries become more involved in global supply chains, measured by their input shares in foreign final goods production, global free trade is less likely to be a stable equilibrium outcome. Free riding is the main problem preventing countries from liberalising trade. Countries are better off being nonmembers of FTAs between the other two countries relative to global free trade. Rules of Origin can solve this problem by limiting the benefits countries get from other countries' free trade agreements. In the case of asymmetric countries, an additional incentive exists for the smaller country not to join: such a country gives up more than it gains from joining an FTA for a sufficiently high degree of asymmetry in country sizes. I show that global free trade is a stable Nash equilibrium under a larger region of asymmetric country parameter space in the case of RoO than without it. Therefore, it is shown that RoO is essential in order to attain global free trade.

中文翻译:

全球供应链、贸易协定和原产地规则

自由贸易协定 (FTA) 通常会限制中间投入的使用,以使最终产品符合自由贸易的条件。我关注原产地规则 (RoO),它限制了非成员国中间投入的费用。在一个三国 FTA 形成游戏中,我介绍了中间投入和 RoO 限制的国际贸易。在对称国家的情况下,我表明,随着各国越来越多地参与全球供应链,以它们在外国最终产品生产中的投入份额来衡量,全球自由贸易不太可能成为稳定的均衡结果。搭便车是阻碍各国实现贸易自由化的主要问题。相对于全球自由贸易,各国最好不加入其他两国之间的自由贸易协定。原产地规则可以通过限制国家从其他国家的自由贸易协定中获得的利益来解决这个问题。在不对称国家的情况下,较小的国家不加入还有一个额外的动机:这样一个国家由于国家规模的不对称程度足够高而放弃的多于加入自由贸易协定的收益。我表明,在有 RoO 的情况下,与没有 RoO 的情况相比,全球自由贸易在更大的非对称国家参数空间区域下是一个稳定的纳什均衡。因此,表明 RoO 对于实现全球自由贸易至关重要。由于国家规模的不对称程度足够高,这样的国家放弃的收益大于加入自由贸易协定的收益。我表明,在有 RoO 的情况下,与没有 RoO 的情况相比,全球自由贸易在更大的非对称国家参数空间区域下是一个稳定的纳什均衡。因此,表明 RoO 对于实现全球自由贸易至关重要。由于国家规模的不对称程度足够高,这样的国家放弃的收益大于加入自由贸易协定的收益。我表明,在有 RoO 的情况下,与没有 RoO 的情况相比,全球自由贸易在更大的非对称国家参数空间区域下是一个稳定的纳什均衡。因此,表明 RoO 对于实现全球自由贸易至关重要。
更新日期:2021-05-15
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