Invasive fungal infection is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in neonates, especially in low-birthweight neonates. The contribution of fungi in the indoor air to the incidence of mucocutaneous colonization and to the risk of invasive fungal infection in this population is uncertain. This review aimed to identify and to summarize the best available evidence on the fungal contamination in the indoor air of critical hospital areas with an emphasis on pediatric/neonatal ICUs. Publications from 2005 to 2019 were searched in the databases Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Search (PubMed), and Latin American Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS). Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCS) were used. Research papers published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish were included. Twenty-nine papers on all continents except Australia were selected. The results showed that the air mycobiota contained several fungal species, notably Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Fusarium, and yeast (Candida) species. The selected papers point out the risks that fungi pose to neonates, who have immature immune system, and describe simultaneous external factors (air humidity, seasonality, air and people flow, use of particulate filters, and health professionals’ hand hygiene) that contribute to indoor air contamination with fungi. Improving communication among health professionals is a great concern because this can prevent major health complications in neonates, especially in low-birthweight neonates. The results reinforced the need to monitor environmental fungi more frequently and efficiently in hospitals, especially in neonatal ICUs.

侵袭性真菌感染是新生儿死亡率和发病率的重要原因，尤其是在低出生体重新生儿中。室内空气中的真菌对皮肤黏膜定植率和该人群侵袭性真菌感染风险的影响尚不确定。本综述旨在确定和总结关于关键医院区域室内空气中真菌污染的最佳可用证据，重点是儿科/新生儿 ICU。2005 年至 2019 年的出版物在在线科学电子图书馆 (SciELO)、美国国家医学图书馆国立卫生研究院搜索 (PubMed) 和拉丁美洲加勒比健康科学 (LILACS) 数据库中进行了检索。使用了健康科学中的描述符（DeCS）。包括以葡萄牙语、英语和西班牙语发表的研究论文。入选了除澳大利亚以外所有大陆的 29 篇论文。结果表明，空气菌群中含有多种真菌，特别是曲霉属、青霉属、枝孢菌属、镰刀菌属和酵母（念珠菌）属。选定的论文指出了真菌对免疫系统不成熟的新生儿造成的风险，并描述了同时存在的外部因素（空气湿度、季节性、空气和人流、微粒过滤器的使用以及卫生专业人员的手部卫生）室内空气被真菌污染。改善卫生专业人员之间的沟通是一个很大的问题，因为这可以防止新生儿出现重大健康并发症，尤其是低出生体重新生儿。结果强调了在医院，尤其是新生儿重症监护室更频繁、更有效地监测环境真菌的必要性。