The Amazon River delta may be currently characterized biophysically as a relatively preserved delta compared to the rampant vulnerability of many of the world’s large deltas. This status of relative preservation is reflected in a number of criteria: The still largely free-flowing nature of many of the rivers and the main stem of the Amazon that feed the delta in sediment, exceptional biodiversity, dominant shoreline accretion, and the absence of anthropogenically-generated subsidence. In this review, we show that these relatively reassuring conditions are progressively being called into question by the effects of dams on fluvial sediment supply to the delta, by increasing demographic, urban, and land development pressures in this still largely underpopulated delta, and by problems of governance that underplay aspects of basin-wide and deltaic environmental deterioration. A major challenge is that of bringing together these contrasting demands that are leading to the emergence of zones of environmental stress that test the resilience of this delta. An integral part of the strategy for the analysis of collective action, management, and conservation is that of considering the Amazon delta in terms of interacting socio-ecological systems. Pressures on the delta will be compounded in the future by decreasing fluvial sediment supply and sea-level rise. Although climate change is projected to generate surplus sediment, the rapid growth of dam constructions upstream of the delta will negatively impact the river’s sediment flux. Conservation and management of the Amazon River system aimed at keeping the delta resilient in the context of sea-level rise and reduction of sediment supply will require clear governance and better planning and anticipation, as well as socio-ecological integration. These are also requirements that will need to be implemented in the 1500 km-long coastal zone of the Guianas countries located west of the Amazon delta and the sediment dynamics and stability of which are largely determined by sediment supply from the Amazon.

中文翻译：

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亚马逊河三角洲和受亚马逊影响的圭亚那海岸的可持续管理，保护和恢复：回顾

与世界上许多大三角洲普遍的脆弱性相比，亚马逊河三角洲目前可能在生物学上被形容为相对保存完好的三角洲。这种相对保存的状态反映在许多标准中：许多河流和亚马逊河的主要干流仍在很大程度上自由流动，这些河流为沉积物中的三角洲提供营养，生物多样性丰富，主要的海岸线积聚，并且没有人为产生的沉陷。在这篇评论中，我们表明，由于水坝对三角洲河流沉积物供应的影响，人口，城市和土地开发压力的增加，这些相对令人放心的条件正逐渐受到质疑，因为该人口仍然处于人口不足的三角洲，以及治理问题，这些问题掩盖了整个流域和三角洲环境恶化的各个方面。一个主要的挑战是将这些相互矛盾的需求放在一起，这些需求导致了测试该三角洲弹性的环境压力区域的出现。分析集体行动，管理和环境保护的策略的组成部分是从相互作用的社会生态系统的角度考虑亚马逊三角洲。未来，由于河流沉积物供应减少和海平面上升，三角洲的压力将进一步加剧。尽管预计气候变化将产生过多的沉积物，但三角洲上游大坝建设的快速增长将对河流的沉积物通量产生负面影响。为了在海平面上升和沉积物供应减少的情况下保持三角洲的韧性，对亚马孙河系统的养护和管理将需要明确的治理，更好的规划和预期以及社会生态一体化。这些也是在亚马逊三角洲以西的圭亚那国家的1500公里长的沿海地区中将需要实施的要求，其沉积物动力学和稳定性在很大程度上取决于来自亚马逊河的沉积物供应。