The perinatal period is a sensitive time in mammalian development that can have long-lasting consequences on offspring phenotype via maternal effects. Maternal effects have been most intensively studied with respect to two major conditions: maternal diet and maternal stress. In this review, we shift the focus by discussing five major additional maternal cues and their influence on offspring phenotype: maternal androgen levels, photoperiod (melatonin), microbiome, immune regulation, and milk composition. We present the key findings for each of these topics in mammals, their mechanisms of action, and how they interact with each other and with the maternal influences of diet and stress. We explore their impacts in the contexts of both predictive adaptive responses and the developmental origins of disease, identify knowledge gaps and research opportunities in the field, and place a particular emphasis on the application and consideration of these effects in non-model species and natural ecological systems.

围产期是哺乳动物发育的敏感时期，它可以通过母体效应对后代表型产生长期影响。对孕产妇影响的研究主要集中在两个主要条件：孕产妇饮食和孕产妇压力。在这篇综述中，我们通过讨论五个主要的额外母体线索及其对后代表型的影响来转移焦点：母体雄激素水平、光周期（褪黑激素）、微生物组、免疫调节和乳汁成分。我们介绍了哺乳动物中每个主题的主要发现、它们的作用机制，以及它们如何相互作用以及与母体饮食和压力的影响。我们在预测性适应性反应和疾病的发育起源方面探索了它们的影响，