This study summarises the existing literature on Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) and their effect on employee well-being criteria and extends it by testing MBIs against a Mindfulness-Strengths-Based Intervention (MSBI). Given that extant MBIs focus on restoring well-being, our first hypothesis was that MBIs would perform better on reducing negative emotional states than on promoting well-being. To test our first hypothesis, we conducted a second-order meta-analysis, which summarised 13 first-order meta-analyses (k = 311). MBIs had stronger effects on reducing negative emotions (g = −0.74) than on increasing well-being (g = 0.58). Then, we conducted a follow-up field experiment, comparing how an MSBI performed against an MBI on employee well-being criteria. An MSBI combines mindful meditation, mindful living and Character-Strengths-Based Interventions. Our second hypothesis was that an MSBI would outperform an MBI on increasing employee well-being criteria. During an MSBI, participants (a) attain a conscious state of mindful awareness, and (b) direct their attention towards the discovery and habitual exercise of their character strengths. To test our second hypothesis, we randomly assigned employees of a small Spanish healthcare organisation to either an MSBI or an MBI intervention group. We measured employee well-being, before and after the intervention, using two well-established measures of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Our results show that both interventions were successful and had a large effect on both well-being criteria. Further, as predicted, the MSBI group reported higher absolute scores of well-being than the MBI group. Implications for theory and practice are discussed, and detailed appendices for practitioners are provided.

中文翻译：

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混合正念练习和性格优势可提高员工幸福感：二阶元分析和后续实地实验

本研究总结了有关正念干预 (MBI) 及其对员工幸福标准的影响的现有文献，并通过测试 MBI 与正念优势干预 (MSBI) 进行了扩展。鉴于现有的 MBI 专注于恢复幸福感，我们的第一个假设是 MBI 在减少负面情绪状态方面比在促进幸福方面表现更好。为了检验我们的第一个假设，我们进行了一项二级荟萃分析，其中总结了 13 项一级荟萃分析 ( k  = 311)。MBI 在减少负面情绪 ( g  = -0.74) 方面比在增加幸福感 ( g = 0.58）。然后，我们进行了后续现场实验，比较了 MSBI 与 MBI 在员工福利标准上的表现。MSBI 结合了正念冥想、正念生活和基于性格优势的干预。我们的第二个假设是，在提高员工福利标准方面，MSBI 会胜过 MBI。在 MSBI 期间，参与者 (a) 达到有意识的意识状态，以及 (b) 将注意力集中在发现和习惯性地锻炼他们的性格优势上。为了检验我们的第二个假设，我们将一家小型西班牙医疗保健组织的员工随机分配到 MSBI 或 MBI 干预组。我们测量了干预前后员工的幸福感，使用了享乐和幸福幸福这两种成熟的衡量标准。我们的结果表明，这两种干预措施都是成功的，并且对两种幸福标准都有很大的影响。此外，正如预测的那样，MSBI 组报告的幸福感绝对分数高于 MBI 组。讨论了理论和实践的含义，并为从业者提供了详细的附录。