Autonomic nerves, sympathetic and parasympathetic, innervate organs and modulate their functions. It has become evident that afferent and efferent signals of the autonomic nervous system play important roles in regulating systemic metabolism, thereby maintaining homeostasis at the whole-body level. Vagal afferent nerves receive signals, such as nutrients and hormones, from the peripheral organs/tissues including the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue then transmit these signals to the hypothalamus, thereby regulating feeding behavior. In addition to roles in controlling appetite, areas in the hypothalamus serves as regulatory centers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent fibers. These efferent innervations regulate the functions of peripheral organs/tissues, such as pancreatic islets, adipose tissues and the liver, which play roles in metabolic regulation. Furthermore, recent evidence has unraveled the metabolic regulatory systems governed by autonomic nerve circuits. In these systems, afferent nerves transmit metabolic information from peripheral organs to the central nervous system (CNS) and the CNS thereby regulates the organ functions through the efferent fibers of autonomic nerves. Thus, the autonomic nervous system regulates the homeostasis of systemic metabolism, and both afferent and efferent fibers play critical roles in its regulation. In addition, several lines of evidence demonstrate the roles of the autonomic nervous system in regulating and dysregulating the immune system. This review introduces variety of neuron-mediated inter-organ cross-talk systems and organizes the current knowledge of autonomic control/coordination of systemic metabolism, focusing especially on a liver–brain–pancreatic β-cell autonomic nerve circuit, as well as highlighting the potential importance of connections with the neuronal and immune systems.

中文翻译：

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由传入和传出神经支配组成的自主神经系统调节全身代谢

自主神经、交感神经和副交感神经支配器官并调节它们的功能。很明显，自主神经系统的传入和传出信号在调节全身代谢方面发挥着重要作用，从而维持全身水平的体内平衡。迷走神经传入神经从包括胃肠道和脂肪组织在内的周围器官/组织接收信号，例如营养物质和激素，然后将这些信号传递到下丘脑，从而调节摄食行为。除了控制食欲外，下丘脑区域还充当交感神经和副交感神经传出纤维的调节中心。这些传出神经支配调节外周器官/组织的功能，例如胰岛、脂肪组织和肝脏，在代谢调节中发挥作用。此外，最近的证据揭示了由自主神经回路控制的代谢调节系统。在这些系统中，传入神经将代谢信息从外周器官传递到中枢神经系统（CNS），因此中枢神经系统通过自主神经的传出纤维调节器官功能。因此，自主神经系统调节全身代谢的稳态，传入和传出纤维都在其调节中发挥关键作用。此外，几条证据表明自主神经系统在调节和失调免疫系统中的作用。这篇综述介绍了各种神经元介导的器官间串扰系统，并整理了当前关于系统代谢的自主控制/协调的知识，