The jewel orchids (Goodyerinae), named after their often colourful leaves, have a pantropical distribution with a clear Asian centre of diversity. However, the Nearctic and Neotropical America together form a second centre of diversity, with one-third of known species of Goodyerinae. Previously, only a few American samples have been included in phylogenetic studies, and their putatively Asian origins and American divergence times were poorly known. To elucidate these topics, we inferred phylogenetic trees, performed molecular dating and reconstructed biogeographic history using nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid matK sequences for 34 species of Goodyerinae from the New World and 76 previously published accessions of Cranichideae. Our well-supported phylogenetic topology suggests two independent dispersal events to the New World from the Indomalesian region during the Miocene. The first inferred dispersal of a Neotropical clade diverged c. 11 Mya from their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), comprising three highly supported subclades that do not match the limits of Aspidogyne, Kreodanthus and Microchilus as previously circumscribed. The second dispersal involved a largely Nearctic clade of Goodyera s.l. diverging c. 8.4 Mya from the MRCA and exhibiting a complex biogeographic history with subsequent dispersals between the Nearctic and Indomalesia. The occurrence of these species in gallery forests putatively prevented vicariance events imposed by the expansion of the Chacoan region as previously detected for epiphytic Orchidaceae. Eighty-nine nomenclatural combinations and three new names in Microchilus are proposed.

中文翻译：

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二系新世界宝石兰花（Goodyerinae，Orchidoideae）的中新世印度裔起源：分子测年和生物地理学分析记录了新热带属的非单系

宝石兰花（Goodyerinae）以其色彩鲜艳的叶子命名，分布于泛热带，具有明显的亚洲多样性中心。然而，近北区和新热带美洲共同构成了第二个多样性中心，占已知古德叶亚科物种的三分之一。以前，只有少数美国样本被包括在系统发育研究中，而且它们假定的亚洲起源和美洲分化时间鲜为人知。为了阐明这些主题，我们使用来自新世界的 34 种 Goodyerinae 和 76 种先前发表的 Cranichideae 种属的核核糖体 ITS 和质体 matK 序列推断系统发育树，进行分子测年和重建生物地理历史。我们得到充分支持的系统发育拓扑表明，在中新世期间，有两次独立的从 Indomalesian 地区扩散到新世界的事件。新热带进化枝的第一次推断分散c。11 Mya 来自它们最近的共同祖先 (MRCA)，包括三个高度支持的子进化枝，它们不符合先前限定的 Aspidogyne、Kreodanthus 和 Microchilus 的限制。第二次分散涉及 Goodyera sl 发散的 c. 8.4 来自 MRCA 的 Mya，展示了复杂的生物地理历史，随后在近北区和印度尼西亚之间扩散。这些物种在画廊森林中的出现假定防止了查科安地区扩张所造成的替代事件，正如先前在附生兰科中发现的那样。