Astute observation is a fundamental skill in medical care because not only it is crucial for the detection of patients' emotions (which is a prerequisite for empathy) but also it can often yield diagnoses at first sight. The Germans call this technique “augenblickdiagnose,” and indeed, gestalt diagnosis together with systematic review is used by dysmorphologists to identify syndromes. Artists have traditionally excelled at skilled observation since it is necessary for realistic portrayal of the human form. Thus, not surprisingly, they have also often depicted syndromes and defects in artworks, decades or even centuries earlier than their medical counterparts' description. Although physicians should avoid overdiagnosing or medicalizing what may be ethnic variations, personality traits, or just artistic style, this commentary will review how syndromes and various physical differences have been represented in artworks. It will then provide practical tips on how to become better observers. The historical relationship between artists and physicians provides context for our mutual diagnostic and interpretative pursuits.

中文翻译：

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艺术的观察和观察身体差异的个体的艺术

敏锐的观察力是医疗护理中的一项基本技能，因为它不仅对于检测患者的情绪（这是产生同理心的先决条件）至关重要，而且通常可以一见钟情。德国人称这种技术为“ augenblickdiagnose”，”事实上，形态学专家使用格式塔诊断和系统评价来识别综合征。传统上，艺术家擅长熟练的观察，因为这对于真实地描绘人类形态是必要的。因此，毫不奇怪，他们也经常在艺术作品中描绘综合症和缺陷，比医学同行的描述早几十年甚至几个世纪。尽管医生应该避免过度诊断或医学化可能是种族差异、个性特征或仅仅是艺术风格的东西，但这篇评论将回顾艺术作品中如何表现综合症和各种身体差异。然后，它将提供有关如何成为更好的观察者的实用技巧。