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The Life History of Learning Subsistence Skills among Hadza and BaYaka Foragers from Tanzania and the Republic of Congo
Human Nature ( IF 2.750 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-13 , DOI: 10.1007/s12110-021-09386-9
Sheina Lew-Levy 1, 2 , Erik J Ringen 3 , Alyssa N Crittenden 4 , Ibrahim A Mabulla 5 , Tanya Broesch 1 , Michelle A Kline 6
Affiliation  

Aspects of human life history and cognition, such as our long childhoods and extensive use of teaching, theoretically evolved to facilitate the acquisition of complex tasks. The present paper empirically examines the relationship between subsistence task difficulty and age of acquisition, rates of teaching, and rates of oblique transmission among Hadza and BaYaka foragers from Tanzania and the Republic of Congo. We further examine cross-cultural variation in how and from whom learning occurred. Learning patterns and community perceptions of task difficulty were assessed through interviews. We found no relationship between task difficulty, age of acquisition, and oblique transmission, and a weak but positive relationship between task difficulty and rates of teaching. While same-sex transmission was normative in both societies, tasks ranked as more difficult were more likely to be transmitted by men among the BaYaka, but not among the Hadza, potentially reflecting cross-cultural differences in the sexual division of subsistence and teaching labor. Further, the BaYaka were more likely to report learning via teaching, and less likely to report learning via observation, than the Hadza, possibly owing to differences in socialization practices.



中文翻译:

来自坦桑尼亚和刚果共和国的哈扎和巴亚卡觅食者学习生存技能的生活史

人类生活史和认知的各个方面,例如我们漫长的童年和广泛使用的教学,在理论上已经发展到有利于复杂任务的获取。本文实证检验了来自坦桑尼亚和刚果共和国的 Hadza 和 BaYaka 觅食者的生存任务难度与获得年龄、教学率和斜传播率之间的关系。我们进一步研究了学习发生的方式和对象的跨文化差异。通过访谈评估学习模式和社区对任务难度的看法。我们发现任务难度、习得年龄和斜传之间没有关系,任务难度和教学率之间存在弱但正相关的关系。虽然同性传播在两个社会都是规范的,被列为更困难的任务更有可能由男性在巴亚卡人中传播,但不会在哈扎人中传播,这可能反映了生计和教学劳动的性别分工方面的跨文化差异。此外,与哈扎人相比,巴亚卡人更有可能通过教学报告学习,而不太可能报告通过观察学习,这可能是由于社会化实践的差异。

更新日期:2021-05-13
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