The standard $\Lambda$ Cold Dark Matter cosmological model provides an amazing description of a wide range of astrophysical and astronomical data. However, there are a few big open questions, that make the standard model look like a first-order approximation to a more realistic scenario that still needs to be fully understood. In this Letter of Interest we will list a few important goals that need to be addressed in the next decade, also taking into account the current discordances present between the different cosmological probes, as the Hubble constant $H_0$ value, the ${\sigma }_8{S}_8$ tension, and the anomalies present in the Planck results. Finally, we will give an overview of upgraded experiments and next-generation space-missions and facilities on Earth that will be of crucial importance to address all these questions.

标准 $\Lambda$“冷暗物质”宇宙学模型对各种各样的天文学和天文数据提供了惊人的描述。但是，还有一些大的未解决问题，使标准模型看起来像是一个更逼真的场景的一阶近似值，仍然需要充分理解。在这份《意向书》中，我们将列出未来十年需要解决的一些重要目标，同时考虑到目前不同宇宙学探究之间存在的不一致性，如哈勃常数$H_0$ 值， ${\sigma }_8{\mathrm{小号}}_8$张力，以及普朗克结果中存在的异常。最后，我们将概述升级后的实验以及地球上的下一代空间飞行任务和设施，这对于解决所有这些问题至关重要。