Immune system dysfunction causes dysregulation of immune homeostasis, which in turn leads to autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a specialized T cell subpopulation that maintain peripheral tolerance and immune homeostasis. Diabetic patients are at an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases; thus, in terms of coronary risk, diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered coronary heart disease equivalent. Accumulating evidence indicates that Tregs play an important role in protecting against the development of various cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of Tregs in the pathogenesis of DM, including type 1 DM, type 2 DM, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults, and gestational DM. In addition, we discuss the role of Tregs in diabetic complications, including cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Tregs play a beneficial role in the pathogenesis of DM and diabetic complications, although the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of Tregs against DM are still obscure. Collectively, modification of Tregs may provide a promising and novel future strategy for the prevention and therapy of DM and diabetic complications.

中文翻译：

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调节性 T 细胞和糖尿病

免疫系统功能障碍导致免疫稳态失调，进而导致自身免疫性疾病。调节性 T 细胞 (Tregs) 是一种特殊的 T 细胞亚群，可维持外周耐受和免疫稳态。糖尿病患者患心血管疾病的风险增加；因此，就冠心病风险而言，糖尿病（DM）被认为是冠心病等价物。越来越多的证据表明，Tregs 在预防各种心血管疾病的发展方面发挥着重要作用。在这篇综述中，我们概述了 Tregs 在 DM 发病机制中的作用，包括 1 型 DM、2 型 DM、成人潜伏性自身免疫性糖尿病和妊娠期 DM。此外，我们讨论了 Treg 在糖尿病并发症中的作用，包括心血管疾病、肾病、神经病和视网膜病。Tregs 在 DM 和糖尿病并发症的发病机制中发挥着有益作用，尽管 Tregs 对 DM 的保护作用的确切分子机制仍然不清楚。总的来说，Tregs 的修饰可能为预防和治疗 DM 和糖尿病并发症提供一种有前途的新策略。