Cyanobacteria have long been associated with harmful effects on humans, animals and aquatic biota. Cyanotoxins are their most toxic metabolite. This review summarizes the current research, impacts and future needs in cyanobacterial studies undertaken in Portugal, the southernmost country of Europe, and with a recent multiplication of cyanotoxicity due to climate change events. Microcystins are still the most prevalent, studied and the only regulated cyanotoxins in Portuguese freshwater systems much like most European countries. With the development of some tools, particularly in molecular studies, the recent discovery of cylindrospermopsins, anatoxins and saxitoxins, both genes and toxins, in North and Center ecosystems of our country highlight current impacts that overall communities are facing with increased risks of exposure and uptake to cyanotoxins. Research needs encompass the expansion of studies at all aspects due to the uprising of these cyanotoxins and reinforces the urgent need of increasing the frequency of surveillance to achieve tangible effects of cyanotoxins in Portugal to ultimately implement regulations on cylindrospermopsins, anatoxins and saxitoxins worldwide.

中文翻译：

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葡萄牙蓝细菌研究综述：当前的影响和研究需求

蓝细菌长期以来与对人类，动物和水生生物群的有害影响有关。氰毒素是它们最有毒的代谢产物。这篇综述总结了在葡萄牙（欧洲最南端的国家）进行的蓝藻研究的当前研究，影响和未来需求，并归因于气候变化事件导致的蓝藻毒性的近期增加。与大多数欧洲国家一样，微囊藻毒素仍然是葡萄牙淡水系统中最流行，研究最多的，也是唯一受管制的氰毒素。随着一些工具的发展，特别是在分子研究中，最近发现了圆筒型精子蛋白酶，抗毒素和沙毒素，包括基因和毒素，在我国北部和中部的生态系统中，突出显示了整个社区当前面临的影响，这些风险是氰基毒素接触和摄取的风险增加。由于这些氰毒素的起义，研究需求包括各个方面的研究扩展，并迫切需要增加监测频率，以在葡萄牙实现氰毒素的实效，以最终在全球范围内实施对环蛇精，胃泌素，毒素和沙毒素的法规。