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The X-SHOOTER Lyman α survey at z = 2 (XLS-z2) I: what makes a galaxy a Lyman α emitter?
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ( IF 4.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-07 , DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stab1304
Jorryt Matthee 1 , David Sobral 2 , Matthew Hayes 3 , Gabriele Pezzulli 4 , Max Gronke 5 , Daniel Schaerer 6, 7 , Rohan P Naidu 8 , Huub Röttgering 9 , João Calhau 10, 11 , Ana Paulino-Afonso 12 , Sérgio Santos 2 , Ricardo Amorín 13, 14
Affiliation  

We present the first results from the X-SHOOTER Lyman α survey at z = 2 (XLS-z2). XLS-z2 is a deep spectroscopic survey of 35 Lyman α emitters (LAEs) utilizing ≈90 h of exposure time with Very Large Telescope/X-SHOOTER and covers rest-frame Ly α to H α emission with R ≈ 4000. We present the sample selection, the observations, and the data reduction. Systemic redshifts are measured from rest-frame optical lines for 33/35 sources. In the stacked spectrum, our LAEs are characterized by an interstellar medium with little dust, a low metallicity, and a high ionization state. The ionizing sources are young hot stars that power strong emission lines in the optical and high-ionization lines in the ultraviolet (UV). The LAEs exhibit clumpy UV morphologies and have outflowing kinematics with blueshifted Si ii absorption, a broad [O iii] component, and a red-skewed Ly α line. Typically, 30 per cent of the Ly α photons escape, of which one quarter on the blue side of the systemic velocity. A fraction of Ly α photons escape directly at the systemic suggesting clear channels enabling an ≈10 per cent escape of ionizing photons, consistent with an inference based on Mg ii. A combination of a low effective H i column density, a low dust content, and young starburst determines whether a star-forming galaxy is observed as an LAE. The first is possibly related to outflows and/or a fortunate viewing angle, while we find that the latter two in LAEs are typical for their stellar mass of 109 M⊙.

中文翻译:

在 z = 2 (XLS-z2) 的 X-SHOOTER Lyman α 测量 I:是什么让星系成为 Lyman α 发射器?

我们在 z = 2 (XLS-z2) 时展示了 X-SHOOTER Lyman α 调查的第一个结果。XLS-z2 是对 35 个莱曼 α 发射器 (LAE) 的深度光谱调查,利用超大望远镜/X-SHOOTER 约 90 小时的曝光时间,涵盖了 R ≈ 4000 的静止帧 Ly α 到 H α 发射。我们提出了样本选择、观察和数据缩减。系统性红移是从 33/35 光源的静止帧光学线测量的。在堆叠光谱中,我们的 LAE 的特点是星际介质少尘埃、低金属丰度和高电离状态。电离源是年轻的炽热恒星,它们为光学中的强发射线和紫外线 (UV) 中的高电离线提供能量。LAE 表现出块状的 UV 形态,并具有外流运动学,具有蓝移的 Si ii 吸收,广泛的 [O iii] 成分,和一条红色偏斜的 Ly α 线。通常,30% 的 Ly α 光子逃逸,其中四分之一在系统速度的蓝色侧。一小部分 Ly α 光子直接在系统中逃逸,这表明清晰的通道能够使大约 10% 的电离光子逃逸,这与基于 Mg ii 的推论一致。低有效 H i 柱密度、低尘埃含量和年轻的星暴共同决定了恒星形成星系是否被视为 LAE。第一个可能与外流和/或幸运的视角有关,而我们发现 LAE 中的后两个是典型的 109 M⊙ 恒星质量。一小部分 Ly α 光子直接在系统中逃逸,这表明清晰的通道能够使大约 10% 的电离光子逃逸,这与基于 Mg ii 的推论一致。低有效 H i 柱密度、低尘埃含量和年轻的星暴共同决定了恒星形成星系是否被视为 LAE。第一个可能与外流和/或幸运的视角有关,而我们发现 LAE 中的后两个是典型的 109 M⊙ 恒星质量。一小部分 Ly α 光子直接在系统中逃逸,这表明清晰的通道能够使大约 10% 的电离光子逃逸,这与基于 Mg ii 的推论一致。低有效 H i 柱密度、低尘埃含量和年轻的星暴共同决定了恒星形成星系是否被视为 LAE。第一个可能与外流和/或幸运的视角有关,而我们发现 LAE 中的后两个是典型的 109 M⊙ 恒星质量。
更新日期:2021-05-07
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