Regenerative approaches have made such a great progress, now aiming toward replacing the exact neurons lost upon injury or neurodegeneration. Transplantation and direct reprogramming approaches benefit from identification of molecular programs for neuronal subtype specification, allowing engineering of more precise neuronal subtypes. Disentangling subtype diversity from dynamic transcriptional states presents a challenge now. Adequate identity and connectivity is a prerequisite to restore neuronal network function, which is achieved by transplanted neurons generating the correct output and input, depending on the location and injury condition. Direct neuronal reprogramming of local glial cells has also made great progress in achieving high efficiency of conversion, with adequate output connectivity now aiming toward the goal of replacing neurons in a noninvasive approach.

再生方法取得了如此巨大的进步，现在的目标是替换因损伤或神经变性而丢失的确切神经元。移植和直接重编程方法受益于确定神经元亚型规范的分子程序，从而可以设计更精确的神经元亚型。从动态转录状态中解开亚型多样性现在是一个挑战。足够的身份和连通性是恢复神经元网络功能的先决条件，这是通过移植的神经元根据位置和损伤情况产生正确的输出和输入来实现的。局部神经胶质细胞的直接神经元重编程在实现高效转化方面也取得了很大进展，