As the most abundant biological entities on the planet, viruses significantly influence the overall functioning of marine ecosystems. The abundance, distribution, and biodiversity of viral communities in the upper ocean have been relatively well studied, but our understanding of viruses in the hadal biosphere remains poor. Here, we established the oceanic trench viral genome dataset (OTVGD) by analysing 19 microbial metagenomes derived from seawater and sediment samples of the Mariana, Yap, and Kermadec Trenches. The trench viral communities harbored remarkably high novelty, and they were predicted to infect ecologically important microbial clades, including Thaumarchaeota and Oleibacter. Significant inter-trench and intra-trench exchange of viral communities was proposed. Moreover, viral communities in different habitats (seawater/sediment and depth-stratified ocean zones) exhibited distinct niche-dependent distribution patterns and genomic properties. Notably, microbes and viruses in the hadopelagic seawater seemed to preferably adopt lysogenic lifestyles compared to those in the upper ocean. Furthermore, niche-specific auxiliary metabolic genes were identified in the hadal viral genomes, and a novel viral D-amino acid oxidase was functionally and phylogenetically characterized, suggesting the contribution of these genes in the utilization of refractory organic matter. Together, these findings highlight the genomic novelty, dynamic movement, and environment-driven diversification of viral communities in oceanic trenches, and suggest that viruses may influence the hadal ecosystem by reprogramming the metabolism of their hosts and modulating the community of keystone microbes.

作为地球上最丰富的生物实体，病毒显着影响海洋生态系统的整体功能。上层海洋病毒群落的丰度、分布和生物多样性已得到相对较好的研究，但我们对深渊生物圈病毒的了解仍然很差。在这里，我们通过分析源自 Mariana、Yap 和 Kermadec 海沟的海水和沉积物样本的 19 种微生物宏基因组，建立了海沟病毒基因组数据集 (OTVGD)。沟槽病毒群落具有非常高的新颖性，预计它们会感染生态上重要的微生物进化枝，包括奇古菌门和油杆菌属. 提出了重要的沟槽间和沟槽内病毒群落交换。此外，不同栖息地（海水/沉积物和深度分层海洋区域）的病毒群落表现出不同的生态位依赖分布模式和基因组特性。值得注意的是，与上层海洋相比，远洋海水中的微生物和病毒似乎更倾向于采用溶源性生活方式。此外，在深渊病毒基因组中发现了生态位特异性辅助代谢基因，并在功能和系统发育上对一种新型病毒 D-氨基酸氧化酶进行了表征，表明这些基因在利用难降解有机物方面的贡献。总之，这些发现突出了海沟中病毒群落的基因组新颖性、动态运动和环境驱动的多样化，