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Productivity and change in fish and squid in the Southern Ocean
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution ( IF 3 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-10 , DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.624918
Jilda Alicia Caccavo , Henrik Christiansen , Andrew J. Constable , Laura Ghigliotti , Rowan Trebilco , Cassandra M. Brooks , Cédric Cotte , Thomas Desvignes , Tracey Dornan , Christopher D. Jones , Philippe Koubbi , Ryan A. Saunders , Anneli Strobel , Marino Vacchi , Anton P. van de Putte , Andrea Walters , Claire M. Waluda , Briannyn L. Woods , José C. Xavier

Southern Ocean ecosystems are globally important and vulnerable to global drivers of change, yet they remain challenging to study. Fish and squid make up a significant portion of the biomass within the Southern Ocean, filling key roles in food webs from forage to mid-trophic species and top predators. They comprise a diverse array of species uniquely adapted to the extreme habitats of the region. Adaptations such as antifreeze glycoproteins, lipid-retention, extended larval phases, delayed senescence, and energy-conserving life strategies equip Antarctic fish and squid to withstand the dark winters and yearlong subzero temperatures experienced in much of the Southern Ocean. In addition to krill exploitation, the comparatively high commercial value of Antarctic fish, particularly the lucrative toothfish, drives fisheries interests, which has included illegal fishing. Uncertainty about the population dynamics of target species and ecosystem structure and function more broadly has necessitated a precautionary, ecosystem approach to managing these stocks and enabling the recovery of depleted species. Fisheries currently remain the major local driver of change in Southern Ocean fish productivity, but global climate change presents an even greater challenge to assessing future changes. Parts of the Southern Ocean are experiencing ocean-warming, such as the West Antarctic Peninsula, while other areas, such as the Ross Sea shelf, have undergone cooling in recent years. These trends are expected to result in a redistribution of species based on their tolerances to different temperature regimes. Climate variability may impair the migratory response of these species to environmental change, while imposing increased pressures on recruitment. Fisheries and climate change, coupled with related local and global drivers such as pollution and sea ice change, have the potential to produce synergistic impacts that compound the risks to Antarctic fish and squid species. The uncertainty surrounding how different species will respond to these challenges, given their varying life histories, environmental dependencies, and resiliencies, necessitates regular assessment to inform conservation and management decisions. Urgent attention is needed to determine whether the current management strategies are suitably precautionary to achieve conservation objectives in light of the impending changes to the ecosystem.

中文翻译:

南大洋的生产力和鱼类和鱿鱼的变化

南部海洋生态系统在全球具有重要意义,并且易受全球变化驱动力的影响,但研究仍然面临挑战。鱼和鱿鱼占南大洋生物量的很大一部分,在从饲草到中营养物种和顶级捕食者的食物网中扮演着关键角色。它们包括各种各样的物种,这些物种独特地适应了该地区的极端栖息地。诸如抗冻糖蛋白,脂质滞留,幼虫期延长,衰老延迟以及节能的生命策略等适应措施使南极鱼和鱿鱼能够抵御黑暗的冬天和在南大洋大部分地区经历的长达一年的零度以下温度。除了磷虾的开发外,南极鱼,尤其是利润丰厚的牙鱼的商业价值相对较高,还推动了渔业的发展,其中包括非法捕鱼。对于目标物种的种群动态以及生态系统的结构和功能的不确定性,需要采取预防性的生态系统方法来管理这些种群并实现枯竭物种的恢复。目前,渔业仍然是当地南部海洋鱼类生产力变化的主要驱动力,但是全球气候变化对评估未来变化提出了更大的挑战。南部海洋的部分地区正经历着海洋变暖,例如西南极半岛,而其他地区,例如罗斯海架,近年来已经开始降温。预计这些趋势将导致物种根据其对不同温度范围的耐受性而重新分布。气候多变性可能会削弱这些物种对环境变化的迁徙反应,同时对招募施加更大的压力。渔业和气候变化以及污染和海冰变化等相关的本地和全球驱动因素,有可能产生协同效应,使南极鱼类和鱿鱼物种的风险加重。考虑到不同物种的生活史,环境依赖性和适应力,围绕不确定物种如何应对这些挑战的不确定性,因此需要定期评估,以为保护和管理决策提供依据。迫切需要注意的是,鉴于生态系统即将发生的变化,当前的管理策略是否适合为实现保护目标而采取的预防措施。同时增加了招聘压力。渔业和气候变化以及污染和海冰变化等相关的本地和全球驱动因素,有可能产生协同效应,使南极鱼类和鱿鱼物种的风险加重。考虑到不同物种的生活史,环境依赖性和适应力,围绕不确定物种如何应对这些挑战的不确定性,因此需要定期评估,以为保护和管理决策提供依据。迫切需要注意的是,鉴于生态系统即将发生的变化,当前的管理策略是否适合为实现保护目标而采取的预防措施。同时增加了招聘压力。渔业和气候变化以及污染和海冰变化等相关的本地和全球驱动因素,有可能产生协同效应,使南极鱼类和鱿鱼物种的风险加重。考虑到不同物种的生活史,环境依赖性和适应力,围绕不确定物种如何应对这些挑战的不确定性,因此需要定期评估,以为保护和管理决策提供依据。迫切需要注意的是,鉴于生态系统即将发生的变化,当前的管理策略是否适合为实现保护目标而采取的预防措施。有可能产生协同效应,使南极鱼类和鱿鱼物种的风险加重。考虑到不同物种的生活史,环境依赖性和适应力,围绕不确定物种如何应对这些挑战的不确定性,因此需要定期评估,以为保护和管理决策提供依据。迫切需要注意的是,鉴于生态系统即将发生的变化,当前的管理策略是否适合为实现保护目标而采取的预防措施。有可能产生协同效应,使南极鱼类和鱿鱼物种的风险加重。考虑到不同物种的生活史,环境依赖性和适应力,围绕不确定物种如何应对这些挑战的不确定性,因此需要定期评估,以为保护和管理决策提供依据。迫切需要注意的是,鉴于生态系统即将发生的变化,当前的管理策略是否适合为实现保护目标而采取的预防措施。必须进行定期评估以告知保护和管理决策。迫切需要注意的是,鉴于生态系统即将发生的变化,当前的管理策略是否适合为实现保护目标而采取的预防措施。必须进行定期评估以告知保护和管理决策。迫切需要注意的是,鉴于生态系统即将发生的变化,当前的管理策略是否适合为实现保护目标而采取的预防措施。
更新日期:2021-05-10
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