Humans are once again preparing to leave Earth and land on the surface of another planetary body. The two objects high on the list for permanent bases are the Moon and Mars. Both have been at the center of attention of many recent spaceflight activities, albeit these have so far been uncrewed. If humans indeed land on either one of them, science can potentially benefit tremendously.

In the past, most spaceflight missions have been implemented by adding scientific instruments after most of the engineering work is already finished. This has often limited scientific studies to relatively scattered, insular topics. However, if prepared appropriately, a research laboratory on either the Moon or Mars can help address scientific questions thoroughly and at a fundamental level.

In this paper we review the main scientific questions relating to the Moon that are still open and develop an overview of the instrumentation that would be necessary for a human astronaut inside a lunar laboratory to help answer these questions. Our primary focus is the Moon, however, we include an outlook to Mars, since we assume that the Moon not only provides a valuable testbed for many technologies to be used on Mars, but that both can be studied with the same habitat laboratory after some specific adaptations.

The research areas we focus on are related to (a) non-living matter (geophysics, geology, materials science), (b) extraterrestrial life (from chemistry of organic carbon compounds to astrobiology), and (c) life inside the human habitat (bioregenerative life-support systems, microbiomes, human physiology). We identify synergies between disciplines, in order to provide a list of priorities to mission planners, and provide a guideline of where further development of equipment would be desirable.

人类再次准备离开地球并降落在另一个行星体的表面。在永久基地名单上排名靠前的两个天体是月球和火星。两者都成为近期许多航天活动的关注焦点，尽管迄今为止这些活动尚未进行。如果人类确实降落在其中任何一个上，科学可能会受益匪浅。

过去，大多数航天任务都是在大部分工程工作完成后通过添加科学仪器来实现的。这通常将科学研究限制在相对分散、孤立的主题上。但是，如果准备得当，月球或火星上的研究实验室可以帮助从根本上彻底解决科学问题。

在本文中，我们回顾了与月球有关的主要科学问题，这些问题仍然悬而未决，并概述了月球实验室内的人类宇航员帮助回答这些问题所需的仪器。我们的主要关注点是月球，但是，我们包含了对火星的展望，因为我们假设月球不仅为在火星上使用的许多技术提供了一个有价值的试验台，而且经过一段时间后，这两种技术都可以在同一个栖息地实验室进行研究。具体的适应。

我们关注的研究领域涉及 (a) 非生命物质（地球物理学、地质学、材料科学），（b）外星生命（从有机碳化合物的化学到天体生物学），以及 (c) 人类栖息地内的生命（生物再生生命支持系统、微生物组、人体生理学）。我们确定学科之间的协同作用，以便为任务规划人员提供优先事项列表，并提供需要进一步开发设备的指南。