Heart transplantation (HTx) is considered the gold-standard therapy for the treatment of advanced heart failure (HF). The long-term survival in HTx is hindered by graft failure which represents one of the major limitations of the long-term efficacy of HTx. Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) and the evaluation of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) are currently considered the essential diagnostic tools for surveillance of graft rejection. Recently, new molecular biomarkers (including cell-free DeoxyriboNucleic Acid, exosomes, gene profiling microarray, nanostring, reverse transcriptase multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, proteomics and immune profiling by quantitative multiplex immunofluorescence) provide useful information on mechanisms of graft rejection. The ambitious role of a similar change of perspective is aimed at a better and longer graft preservation.

心脏移植 (HTx) 被认为是治疗晚期心力衰竭 (HF) 的金标准疗法。HTx 的长期存活受到移植失败的阻碍，这是 HTx 长期疗效的主要限制之一。心内膜心肌活检 (EMB) 和供体特异性抗体 (DSA) 的评估目前被认为是监测移植排斥的基本诊断工具。最近，新的分子生物标志物（包括无细胞脱氧核糖核酸、外泌体、基因分析微阵列、纳米线、逆转录酶多重连接依赖性探针扩增、蛋白质组学和定量多重免疫荧光免疫分析）提供了有关移植排斥机制的有用信息。