Identifying the linkage among Land Use Change, Ecosystem Services, and Human Well-Being (LUC-ES-HW) is essential for a clearer understanding of the interactive mechanism behind the natural-social system. There are limited studies designed for exploring the LUC-ES-HW nexus from the material flow perspective. This study explores the LUC-ES-HW nexus in terms of nitrogen flows, identifying the ecological and environmental process. A LUC-ES-HW system assessment framework based on nitrogen flows is established in this work, taking the Manas River Basin as a case study. The results showed that Land-Use Change (LUC) had a significant impact on the environmental performance and Ecosystem Services (ES); consequently, exert great influence on Human Well-Being (HW). This study can contribute to a better understanding of LUC-ES-HW Nexus, and provide a reference for future relevant studies.

确定土地用途变化，生态系统服务和人类福祉（LUC-ES-HW）之间的联系对于更清楚地了解自然社会系统背后的互动机制至关重要。从材料流的角度出发，为探索LUC-ES-HW关系而设计的研究非常有限。这项研究从氮流量的角度探讨了LUC-ES-HW的联系，确定了生态和环境过程。以玛纳斯河流域为例，建立了基于氮流量的LUC-ES-HW系统评估框架。结果表明，土地利用变化（LUC）对环境绩效和生态系统服务（ES）有重大影响；因此，对人类福祉（HW）产生了巨大影响。这项研究有助于更好地了解LUC-ES-HW Nexus，