Exploration of the marine environment using underwater remote-sensing methods is the most reasonable method for investigating submerged archaeological heritage sites, preserving their current condition and maintaining them for future generations. While non-invasive recognition of heritage sites is one of the main objectives of underwater archaeology, the nearshore environment of the small Polish town of Puck hides one of the biggest medieval harbours in the Baltic Sea. The following research objectives were met in this study: (a) exploration of underwater archaeological heritage harbour in Puck using high-resolution hydroacoustics, 3-D shallow seismics and underwater photogrammetry; (b) reconstruction of the submerged Puck medieval port by the combining of hydroacoustics, 3D shallow seismics, underwater photogrammetry and archival documentation; (c) estimation of the rate at which the bottom sediments containing the archaeological objects are being destroyed. The underwater archaeological site of Puck harbour was explored using multiple surveying methods, including multibeam echosounder, parametric sub-bottom profiler, underwater photogrammetry, aerial photography and comparison with archival documentation. Very high-resolution bathymetry from a multibeam echosounder allowed seabed features such as piles, stones and horizontal structural elements to be identified, along with other archaeological artefacts, boat wrecks and boat-building artefacts. The 3-D shallow seismic datasets allowed us to distinguish, for example, several outcropping structures, a previously unknown buried shipwreck, past excavation trenches, the harbour boundary and a palaeochannel of the Płutnica River. Fusing datasets from multiple sources in the geographic information system (GIS) environment allowed for a combined visualization of the heritage sites, providing a broad archaeological demonstration of the underwater structure. By comparing with archival documentation, we calculated that 43% of biogenic layers containing archaeological objects eroded over 26 years. Our results demonstrated that without any doubt, underwater remote-sensing methods are the most appropriate for exploration and investigation of underwater heritage sites while maintaining their original value.

中文翻译：

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使用水声学、3-D 浅层地震和水下摄影测量探索和重建中世纪港口：波罗的海南部 Puck 的案例研究

使用水下遥感方法探索海洋环境是调查水下考古遗址、保留其现状并为后代维护的最合理方法。虽然对遗产地的非侵入性识别是水下考古学的主要目标之一，但波兰小镇帕克的近岸环境隐藏着波罗的海最大的中世纪港口之一。本研究实现了以下研究目标： (a) 使用高分辨率水声学、3-D 浅层地震和水下摄影测量法探索 Puck 的水下考古遗产港；(b) 通过结合水声学、3D 浅层地震、水下摄影测量和档案文件，重建被淹没的 Puck 中世纪港口；(c) 估计含有考古物品的底部沉积物被破坏的速度。对帕克港水下考古遗址进行了多种测量方法的探索，包括多波束测深仪、参数化海底剖面仪、水下摄影测量、航空摄影以及与档案文件的比较。来自多波束回声测深仪的超高分辨率测深可以识别海底特征，例如桩、石头和水平结构元素，以及其他考古文物、沉船和造船文物。例如，3-D 浅层地震数据集使我们能够区分几个露头结构、以前未知的埋藏沉船、过去的挖掘沟、海港边界和普乌特尼察河的古河道。在地理信息系统 (GIS) 环境中融合来自多个来源的数据集允许对遗产地进行组合可视化，从而提供水下结构的广泛考古展示。通过与档案文件进行比较，我们计算出 43% 的包含考古对象的生物层在 26 年内被侵蚀。我们的研究结果表明，毫无疑问，水下遥感方法最适合水下遗产地的勘探和调查，同时保持其原始价值。我们计算出 43% 的包含考古对象的生物层在 26 年内被侵蚀。我们的研究结果表明，毫无疑问，水下遥感方法最适合水下遗产地的勘探和调查，同时保持其原始价值。我们计算出 43% 的包含考古对象的生物层在 26 年内被侵蚀。我们的研究结果表明，毫无疑问，水下遥感方法最适合水下遗产地的勘探和调查，同时保持其原始价值。