Reducing risk from pesticide applications has been gaining serious attention in the last few decades due to the significant damage to human health, environment, and ecosystems. Pesticide applications are an essential part of current agriculture, enhancing cultivated crop productivity and quality and preventing losses of up to 45% of the world food supply. However, inappropriate and excessive use of pesticides is a major rising concern. Precision spraying addresses these concerns by precisely and efficiently applying pesticides to the target area and substantially reducing pesticide usage while maintaining efficacy at preventing crop losses. This review provides a systematic summary of current technologies used for precision spraying in tree fruits and highlights their potential, briefly discusses factors affecting spraying parameters, and concludes with possible solutions to reduce excessive agrochemical uses. We conclude there is a critical need for appropriate sensing techniques that can accurately detect the target. In addition, air jet velocity, travel speed, wind speed and direction, droplet size, and canopy characteristics need to be considered for successful droplet deposition by the spraying system. Assessment of terrain is important when field elevation has significant variability. Control of airflow during spraying is another important parameter that needs to be considered. Incorporation of these variables in precision spraying systems will optimize spray decisions and help reduce excessive agrochemical applications.

中文翻译：

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开发先进的果树精密喷雾系统的机会和可能性

由于对人类健康，环境和生态系统的重大破坏，在过去几十年中，降低农药施用风险已引起了广泛关注。农药的使用是当前农业的重要组成部分，可提高耕作作物的生产力和质量，并防止多达世界粮食供应量的45％损失。然而，不适当和过量使用农药是一个主要的关注焦点。精确喷雾通过将农药精确有效地施用于目标区域并在保持防止作物损失的功效的同时大幅减少农药用量而解决了这些问题。这篇评论提供了用于在果树上精确喷涂的最新技术的系统总结，并突出了它们的潜力，简要讨论了影响喷涂参数的因素，并以减少过多农药用量的可能解决方案作为结论。我们得出结论，迫切需要能够准确检测目标的适当传感技术。另外，为了使喷雾系统成功地使液滴沉积，需要考虑空气喷射速度，行进速度，风速和方向，液滴尺寸和遮篷特性。当场高变化很大时，地形评估很重要。喷涂过程中的气流控制是需要考虑的另一个重要参数。将这些变量并入精密喷洒系统将优化喷洒决策，并有助于减少过多的农药施用。我们得出结论，迫切需要能够准确检测目标的适当传感技术。另外，为了使喷雾系统成功地使液滴沉积，需要考虑空气喷射速度，行进速度，风速和方向，液滴尺寸和遮篷特性。当场高变化很大时，地形评估很重要。喷涂过程中的气流控制是需要考虑的另一个重要参数。将这些变量并入精密喷洒系统将优化喷洒决策，并有助于减少过多的农药施用。我们得出结论，迫切需要能够准确检测目标的适当传感技术。另外，为了使喷雾系统成功地使液滴沉积，需要考虑空气喷射速度，行进速度，风速和方向，液滴尺寸和遮篷特性。当场高变化很大时，地形评估很重要。喷涂过程中的气流控制是需要考虑的另一个重要参数。将这些变量并入精密喷洒系统将优化喷洒决策，并有助于减少过多的农药施用。当场高变化很大时，地形评估很重要。喷涂过程中的气流控制是需要考虑的另一个重要参数。将这些变量并入精密喷洒系统将优化喷洒决策，并有助于减少过多的农药施用。当场高变化很大时，地形评估很重要。喷涂过程中的气流控制是需要考虑的另一个重要参数。将这些变量并入精密喷洒系统将优化喷洒决策，并有助于减少过多的农药施用。