Metabolomic responses of earthworms to neonicotinoids are important for understanding their molecular-level toxicity and assessing their ecological risks, but little is known until now. We investigated impact of imidacloprid (IMI, 52.6 ng/g) and dinotefuran (DIN, 52.5 ng/g) on Eisenia fetida metabolomics under single- and dual-compound exposure scenarios for one to four weeks. Dissimilar metabolites and anti-stress strategies were found for different neonicotinoids and exposure scenarios. Specifically, IMI exposure first increased myo-inositol and UDP-glucuronate associated with transmembrane absorption and transformation to IMI-urea, and then increased glutathione and fourteen amino acids (TCA cycle precursors) to resist stress and replenish energy. In contrast, worms exposed to DIN first prepared TCA cycle intermediates from glucosamine-6-phosphate and amino acids, suppressed urea cycle and DIN transformation, and then alleviated oxidative stress by increasing carnosine, nicotinate-D-ribonucleotide and nicotinamide-β-riboside. Dual exposure increased four eicosanoids by 1.6–1.9-fold, possibly associated with membrane lipid peroxidation; the amino acids consumed to balance the energy metabolism exhibited a wave-like pattern. This study first systematically revealed the compound/time/exposure scenario- dependent effects of trace neonicotinoids on earthworm metabolomics and advanced the understanding of their action modes. Neonicotinoid transformation was closely related to worms’ metabolic profiles, providing important insights in contaminant fate in soil ecosystems.

to对新烟碱的代谢组学响应对于了解其分子水平的毒性和评估其生态风险非常重要，但迄今为止知之甚少。我们研究了吡虫啉（IMI，52.6 ng / g）和地诺呋喃（DIN，52.5 ng / g）在单化合物和双化合物暴露情况下持续1至4周对Fetida Fetida代谢组学的影响。发现了不同的新烟碱和暴露情况不同的代谢物和抗应激策略。具体来说，IMI暴露首先会增加肌-肌醇和UDP-葡萄糖醛酸酯与跨膜吸收和转化为IMI-尿素有关，然后增加了谷胱甘肽和14种氨基酸（TCA循环前体）以抵抗压力并补充能量。相反，接触DIN的蠕虫首先从6-氨基葡萄糖和氨基酸制备TCA循环中间体，抑制尿素循环和DIN转化，然后通过增加肌肽，烟酸酯-D-核糖核苷酸和烟酰胺-β减轻氧化应激。-核糖苷。两次接触使四种类花生酸增加1.6-1.9倍，可能与膜脂质过氧化有关；为平衡能量代谢而消耗的氨基酸呈波浪状。这项研究首先系统地揭示了微量新烟碱类化合物对earth代谢组学的影响，涉及化合物/时间/暴露场景，并进一步了解了它们的作用方式。新烟碱的转化与蠕虫的代谢谱密切相关，为了解土壤生态系统中的污染物命运提供了重要的见识。