Stem cells hold indefinite self-renewable capability that can be differentiated into all desired cell types. Based on their plasticity potential, they are divided into totipotent (morula stage cells), pluripotent (embryonic stem cells), multipotent (hematopoietic stem cells, multipotent adult progenitor stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]), and unipotent (progenitor cells that differentiate into a single lineage) cells. Though bone marrow is the primary source of multipotent stem cells in adults, other tissues such as adipose tissues, placenta, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, periodontal ligament, and dental pulp also harbor stem cells that can be used for regenerative therapy. In addition, induced pluripotent stem cells also exhibit fundamental properties of self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cells, and thus could be another source for regenerative medicine. Several diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, virus infection (also coronavirus disease 2019) have limited success with conventional medicine, and stem cell transplantation is assumed to be the best therapy to treat these disorders. Importantly, MSCs, are by far the best for regenerative medicine due to their limited immune modulation and adequate tissue repair. Moreover, MSCs have the potential to migrate towards the damaged area, which is regulated by various factors and signaling processes. Recent studies have shown that extracellular calcium (Ca2+) promotes the proliferation of MSCs, and thus can assist in transplantation therapy. Ca2+ signaling is a highly adaptable intracellular signal that contains several components such as cell-surface receptors, Ca2+ channels/pumps/exchangers, Ca2+ buffers, and Ca2+ sensors, which together are essential for the appropriate functioning of stem cells and thus modulate their proliferative and regenerative capacity, which will be discussed in this review.

中文翻译：

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钙通道及其在再生医学中的作用。

干细胞具有无限的自我更新能力，可以将其分化为所有所需的细胞类型。根据其可塑性，将它们分为全能性（桑ula质阶段细胞），多能性（胚胎干细胞），多能性（造血干细胞，多能成年祖干细胞和间充质干细胞[MSCs]）和单能性（祖细胞）分化成单个谱系）的细胞。尽管骨髓是成人多能干细胞的主要来源，但其他组织（例如脂肪组织，胎盘，羊水，脐带血，牙周膜和牙髓）也含有可用于再生治疗的干细胞。此外，诱导性多能干细胞还表现出自我更新和分化为专门细胞的基本特性，因此可能是再生医学的另一个来源。包括神经退行性疾病，心血管疾病，自身免疫性疾病，病毒感染（也包括2019年冠状病毒疾病）在内的几种疾病在传统医学上的成功有限，并且干细胞移植被认为是治疗这些疾病的最佳疗法。重要的是，MSC由于其有限的免疫调节和足够的组织修复作用，因此是再生医学的最佳选择。而且，MSC具有向受损区域迁移的潜力，这受多种因素和信号传递过程的调节。最近的研究表明，细胞外钙（Ca2 +）促进MSC的增殖，因此可以辅助移植治疗。