Evolution has enabled living cells to adopt their structural and functional complexity by organizing intricate cellular compartments, such as membrane-bound and membraneless organelles (MLOs), for spatiotemporal catalysis of physiochemical reactions essential for cell plasticity control. Emerging evidence and view support the notion that MLOs are built by multivalent interactions of biomolecules via phase separation and transition mechanisms. In healthy cells, dynamic chemical modifications regulate MLO plasticity, and reversible phase separation is essential for cell homeostasis. Emerging evidence revealed that aberrant phase separation results in numerous neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and other diseases. In this review, we provide molecular underpinnings on (i) mechanistic understanding of phase separation, (ii) unifying structural and mechanistic principles that underlie this phenomenon, (iii) various mechanisms that are used by cells for the regulation of phase separation, and (iv) emerging therapeutic and other applications.

中文翻译：

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无膜细胞器可塑性控制的机制和调控

进化使活细胞能够通过组织复杂的细胞区室（例如膜结合和无膜细胞器（MLO））来采用其结构和功能复杂性，以对细胞可塑性控制所必需的物理化学反应进行时空催化。新出现的证据和观点支持这样一种观点，即 MLO 是由生物分子通过相分离和转变机制的多价相互作用构建的。在健康细胞中，动态化学修饰调节 MLO 可塑性，可逆相分离对于细胞稳态至关重要。新出现的证据表明，异常相分离会导致许多神经退行性疾病、癌症和其他疾病。在这篇综述中，我们提供了关于（i）相分离的机械理解的分子基础，