The charismatic trumpetfishes, goatfishes, dragonets, flying gurnards, seahorses, and pipefishes encompass a recently defined yet extraordinarily diverse clade of percomorph fishes—the series Syngnatharia. This group is widely distributed in tropical and warm-temperate regions, with a great proportion of its extant diversity occurring in the Indo-Pacific. Because most syngnatharians feature long-range dispersal capabilities, tracing their biogeographic origins is challenging. Here, we applied an integrative phylogenomic approach to elucidate the evolutionary biogeography of syngnatharians. We built upon a recently published phylogenomic study that examined ultraconserved elements by adding 62 species (total 169 species) and one family (Draconettidae), to cover ca. 25% of the species diversity and all 10 families in the group. We inferred a set of time-calibrated trees and conducted ancestral range estimations. We also examined the sensitivity of these analyses to phylogenetic uncertainty (estimated from multiple genomic subsets), area delimitation, and biogeographic models that include or exclude the jump-dispersal parameter ($j)$. Of the three factors examined, we found that the $j$ parameter has the strongest effect in ancestral range estimates, followed by number of areas defined, and tree topology and divergence times. After accounting for these uncertainties, our results reveal that syngnatharians originated in the ancient Tethys Sea ca. 87 Ma (84–94 Ma; Late Cretaceous) and subsequently occupied the Indo-Pacific. Throughout syngnatharian history, multiple independent lineages colonized the eastern Pacific (6–8 times) and the Atlantic (6–14 times) from their center of origin, with most events taking place following an east-to-west route prior to the closure of the Tethys Seaway ca. 12–18 Ma. Ultimately, our study highlights the importance of accounting for different factors generating uncertainty in macroevolutionary and biogeographic inferences.[Historical biogeography; jump-dispersal parameter; macroevolutionary uncertainty; marine fishes; syngnathiformes; ultraconserved elements].

中文翻译：

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海马、小龙、山羊鱼和盟友的系统基因组学和历史生物地理学（Teleostei: Syngnatharia）：评估导致生物地理学推断不确定性的因素

魅力四射的喇叭鱼、山羊鱼、小龙、鲫鱼、海马和烟斗鱼包含了最近定义但异常多样化的异形鱼群——Syngnatharia 系列。该组广泛分布在热带和暖温带地区，其现存多样性的很大一部分发生在印度太平洋。因为大多数syngnatharians具有远程传播能力，所以追踪它们的生物地理起源是具有挑战性的。在这里，我们应用了一种综合的系统发育方法来阐明 syngnatharians 的进化生物地理学。我们建立在最近发表的系统基因组学研究的基础上，该研究通过添加 62 种（共 169 种）和一个科（Draconettidae）来检查超保守元素，以涵盖约。25%的物种多样性和该组中的所有10个科。我们推断出一组经过时间校准的树并进行了祖先范围估计。我们还检查了这些分析对系统发育不确定性（从多个基因组子集估计）、区域划界和包括或排除跳跃扩散参数 ($j)$ 的生物地理模型的敏感性。在检查的三个因素中，我们发现 $j$ 参数对祖先范围估计的影响最大，其次是定义的区域数量，以及树拓扑和发散时间。在考虑了这些不确定性之后，我们的研究结果表明，syngnatharians 起源于古代特提斯海 ca。87 Ma（84-94 Ma；晚白垩世），随后占领了印度-太平洋。纵观 Syngnatharian 历史，多个独立的血统从其起源中心在东太平洋（6-8 次）和大西洋（6-14 次）殖民，大多数事件发生在特提斯海道关闭之前沿着东西路线进行. 12-18 马。最后，我们的研究强调了在宏观进化和生物地理学推论中考虑产生不确定性的不同因素的重要性。跳跃分散参数；宏观进化的不确定性；海洋鱼类；合成鱼目; 超保守元素]。跳跃分散参数；宏观进化的不确定性；海洋鱼类；合成鱼目; 超保守元素]。跳跃分散参数；宏观进化的不确定性；海洋鱼类；合成鱼目; 超保守元素]。