Being a late talker constitutes a risk factor for later neurodevelopmental disorders; however, its neurobiological basis remains unexplored. We aimed to determine the unique and mutual correlates of late talking and developmental dyslexia on brain structure and behavioral outcomes in a large sample of 8- to 10-year-old children in a between-groups design (N = 120). Brain structure was examined using voxel-based morphometry (to measure gray matter volume) and surface-based morphometry (to measure gray matter volume, cortical thickness, surface area, and curvature of the cortex). Behaviorally, late talking and dyslexia are independently connected to language and literacy skills, and late talkers have difficulties in grammar, phonological awareness, and reading accuracy. Children with dyslexia show impairments in all of the above, as well as in vocabulary, spelling, reading speed, and rapid automatized naming. Neuroanatomically, dyslexia is related to lower total intracranial volume and total surface area. Late talking is related to reduced cortical thickness in the left posterior cingulate gyrus and the right superior temporal gyrus, which are structures belonging to the dorsal speech articulatory-phonetic perception system. Finally, a cumulative effect of late talking and dyslexia was found on the left fusiform gray matter volume. This might explain inconsistencies in previous neuroanatomical studies of dyslexia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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区分迟到和阅读障碍对大脑结构的影响。

说话晚是后期神经发育障碍的危险因素；然而，其神经生物学基础仍未被探索。我们旨在通过组间设计 (N = 120) 的 8 至 10 岁儿童的大样本，确定晚说话和发展性阅读障碍对大脑结构和行为结果的独特和相互关联。使用基于体素的形态计量学（测量灰质体积）和基于表面的形态计量学（测量灰质体积、皮质厚度、表面积和皮质曲率）检查大脑结构。在行为上，晚说话和阅读障碍与语言和读写能力独立相关，晚说话者在语法、语音意识和阅读准确性方面存在困难。患有阅读障碍的儿童在上述所有方面都有缺陷，以及词汇、拼写、阅读速度和快速自动命名。在神经解剖学上，阅读障碍与较低的总颅内体积和总表面积有关。晚说话与左侧后扣带回和右侧颞上回的皮质厚度减少有关，这些结构属于背侧语音发音-语音感知系统。最后，在左侧梭状灰质体积上发现了迟到和阅读障碍的累积效应。这可能解释了先前对阅读障碍的神经解剖学研究中的不一致之处。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。晚说话与左侧后扣带回和右侧颞上回的皮质厚度减少有关，这些结构属于背侧语音发音-语音感知系统。最后，在左侧梭状灰质体积上发现了迟到和阅读障碍的累积效应。这可能解释了先前对阅读障碍的神经解剖学研究中的不一致之处。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。晚说话与左侧后扣带回和右侧颞上回的皮质厚度减少有关，这些结构属于背侧语音发音-语音感知系统。最后，在左侧梭状灰质体积上发现了迟到和阅读障碍的累积效应。这可能解释了先前对阅读障碍的神经解剖学研究中的不一致之处。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。