Being a late talker constitutes a risk factor for later neurodevelopmental disorders; however, its neurobiological basis remains unexplored. We aimed to determine the unique and mutual correlates of late talking and developmental dyslexia on brain structure and behavioral outcomes in a large sample of 8- to 10-year-old children in a between-groups design (N = 120). Brain structure was examined using voxel-based morphometry (to measure gray matter volume) and surface-based morphometry (to measure gray matter volume, cortical thickness, surface area, and curvature of the cortex). Behaviorally, late talking and dyslexia are independently connected to language and literacy skills, and late talkers have difficulties in grammar, phonological awareness, and reading accuracy. Children with dyslexia show impairments in all of the above, as well as in vocabulary, spelling, reading speed, and rapid automatized naming. Neuroanatomically, dyslexia is related to lower total intracranial volume and total surface area. Late talking is related to reduced cortical thickness in the left posterior cingulate gyrus and the right superior temporal gyrus, which are structures belonging to the dorsal speech articulatory-phonetic perception system. Finally, a cumulative effect of late talking and dyslexia was found on the left fusiform gray matter volume. This might explain inconsistencies in previous neuroanatomical studies of dyslexia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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分离后期说话和阅读障碍对大脑结构的影响。

说话迟到是后期神经发育障碍的危险因素。然而，其神经生物学基础仍待探索。我们的目标是通过小组间设计（N = 120）来确定大量8至10岁儿童的后期说话和发育困难的阅读障碍与大脑结构和行为结局之间的独特和相互关系。使用基于体素的形态学（以测量灰质体积）和基于表面的形态学（以测量灰质体积，皮质厚度，表面积和皮质曲率）检查大脑结构。从行为上讲，晚期说话和诵读困难与语言和读写能力独立相关，并且晚期说话者在语法，语音意识和阅读准确性方面存在困难。阅读障碍儿童在以上所有方面均表现出障碍，以及词汇，拼写，阅读速度和快速自动命名。从神经解剖学上来说，阅读障碍与较低的颅内总体积和总表面积有关。晚说话与左后扣带回和右上颞回的皮质厚度减少有关，左后扣带回和右颞上回属于背语音发音-语音感知系统。最后，在左侧梭形灰质体积上发现了晚期说话和阅读障碍的累积效应。这可能解释了阅读障碍的先前神经解剖学研究中的不一致之处。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2021 APA，保留所有权利）。晚说话与左后扣带回和右上颞回的皮质厚度减少有关，左后扣带回和右颞上回属于背语音发音-语音感知系统。最后，在左侧梭形灰质体积上发现了晚期说话和阅读障碍的累积效应。这可能解释了阅读障碍的先前神经解剖学研究中的不一致之处。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2021 APA，保留所有权利）。晚说话与左后扣带回和右上颞回的皮质厚度减少有关，左后扣带回和右颞上回属于背语音发音-语音感知系统。最后，在左侧梭形灰质体积上发现了晚期说话和阅读障碍的累积效应。这可能解释了阅读障碍的先前神经解剖学研究中的不一致之处。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2021 APA，保留所有权利）。