False recognition, or the mis-categorization of a "new" stimulus as "old," might support fixed false beliefs by blocking new learning or otherwise contributing to internal representations of the world that are at odds with reality. However, the mechanisms through which false recognition is facilitated among paranoid individuals remain unclear. We examined 2 phenomena that may contribute to this effect: an overreliance on fluency-based processes during recognition, manifesting as a lower threshold for judging items as recently studied, and a propensity to require less information to come to a highly confident judgment. The former would be expected to be particularly pronounced among items that are generally familiar, as opposed to completely novel. Here, we manipulated familiarity in a recognition memory paradigm by using stimuli that varied in their rate of extraexperimental exposure (i.e., real words vs. pseudowords). Further, to determine whether paranoia was associated with a tendency to differentially misallocate confidence to errors, we calculated a hierarchical Bayesian estimate of metacognitive sensitivity (meta-d') in addition to the more classic d'. In line with our hypotheses, paranoia was associated with an increased rate of false alarm errors, differentially so for familiar versus unfamiliar stimuli, suggesting that a context-agnostic, familiarity-based memory system might underlie observed memory distortions. What's more, paranoia was associated with heightened confidence on error trials and reduced metacognitive sensitivity. These findings highlight 2 distinct deficits-in both novelty detection and metacognitive monitoring-that contribute to false recognition judgments, offering targets for cognitive interventions to reduce memory distortion among paranoid individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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偏执与新奇检测受损和对识别记忆判断的过度自信有关。

错误识别，或将“新”刺激错误归类为“旧”，可能会通过阻止新学习或以其他​​方式促成与现实不一致的世界内部表征来支持固定的错误信念。然而，偏执型个体促进错误识别的机制仍不清楚。我们研究了可能导致这种影响的 2 种现象：在识别过程中过度依赖基于流畅性的过程，表现为最近研究的判断项目的门槛较低，以及倾向于需要较少的信息来做出高度自信的判断。预计前者在普遍熟悉的项目中会特别明显，而不是完全新颖。这里，我们通过使用不同的实验外暴露率的刺激（即，真实词与伪词）来操纵识别记忆范式中的熟悉度。此外，为了确定偏执狂是否与对错误的信心差异分配的倾向有关，除了更经典的 d' 之外，我们还计算了元认知敏感性的分层贝叶斯估计 (meta-d')。与我们的假设一致，偏执与误报错误率的增加有关，对于熟悉和不熟悉的刺激来说，差异如此之大，这表明与上下文无关、基于熟悉程度的记忆系统可能是观察到的记忆失真的基础。更重要的是，偏执与错误试验的信心增强和元认知敏感性的降低有关。这些发现突出了新奇检测和元认知监测中的两个明显缺陷，这些缺陷导致错误的识别判断，​​为认知干预提供了目标，以减少偏执者的记忆失真。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。