False recognition, or the mis-categorization of a "new" stimulus as "old," might support fixed false beliefs by blocking new learning or otherwise contributing to internal representations of the world that are at odds with reality. However, the mechanisms through which false recognition is facilitated among paranoid individuals remain unclear. We examined 2 phenomena that may contribute to this effect: an overreliance on fluency-based processes during recognition, manifesting as a lower threshold for judging items as recently studied, and a propensity to require less information to come to a highly confident judgment. The former would be expected to be particularly pronounced among items that are generally familiar, as opposed to completely novel. Here, we manipulated familiarity in a recognition memory paradigm by using stimuli that varied in their rate of extraexperimental exposure (i.e., real words vs. pseudowords). Further, to determine whether paranoia was associated with a tendency to differentially misallocate confidence to errors, we calculated a hierarchical Bayesian estimate of metacognitive sensitivity (meta-d') in addition to the more classic d'. In line with our hypotheses, paranoia was associated with an increased rate of false alarm errors, differentially so for familiar versus unfamiliar stimuli, suggesting that a context-agnostic, familiarity-based memory system might underlie observed memory distortions. What's more, paranoia was associated with heightened confidence on error trials and reduced metacognitive sensitivity. These findings highlight 2 distinct deficits-in both novelty detection and metacognitive monitoring-that contribute to false recognition judgments, offering targets for cognitive interventions to reduce memory distortion among paranoid individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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妄想症与识别记忆判断中的新颖性检测受损和过分自信有关。

错误认识或将“新”刺激误分类为“旧”，可能会阻止新的学习或以其他​​方式助长与现实不符的内部表象，从而支持固定的错误信念。但是，在偏执狂个体中促进错误识别的机制仍不清楚。我们研究了可能造成这种影响的2种现象：在识别过程中过分依赖基于流畅性的过程，表现为最近研究的判断项目的下限阈值以及倾向于要求较少信息来做出高度自信的判断的倾向。在完全熟悉的项目中，与完全新颖的项目相比，预计前者会特别明显。这里，我们通过使用在实验外暴露率（即，真实单词与伪单词）不同的刺激来操纵识别记忆范式中的熟悉程度。此外，为了确定偏执狂是否与对错误的置信度差异化分配趋势有关，除更经典的d'外，我们还计算了元认知敏感性的分层贝叶斯估计（元-d'）。根据我们的假设，妄想症与假警报错误的发生率增加相关，对于熟悉的刺激与不熟悉的刺激，差别是不同的，这表明与上下文无关的基于熟悉度的内存系统可能是观察到的内存失真的基础。更重要的是，妄想症与错误试验的信心增强和元认知敏感性降低有关。这些发现突显了两个明显的缺陷-在新颖性检测和元认知监控中-导致错误识别判断，​​为减少偏执狂个体的记忆失真提供了认知干预的目标。（PsycInfo数据库记录（c）2021 APA，保留所有权利）。