Autonomic nervous system (ANS) can maintain homeostasis through the coordination of different organs including heart. The change of blood glucose (BG) level can stimulate the ANS, which will lead to the variation of Electrocardiogram (ECG). Considering that the monitoring of different BG ranges is significant for diabetes care, in this paper, an ECG-based technique was proposed to achieve non-invasive monitoring with three BG ranges: low glucose level, moderate glucose level, and high glucose level. For this purpose, multiple experiments that included fasting tests and oral glucose tolerance tests were conducted, and the ECG signals from 21 adults were recorded continuously. Furthermore, an approach of fusing density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise and convolution neural networks (DBSCAN-CNN) was presented for ECG preprocessing of outliers and classification of BG ranges based ECG. Also, ECG's important information, which was related to different BG ranges, was graphically visualized. The result showed that the percentages of accurate classification were 87.94% in low glucose level, 69.36% in moderate glucose level, and 86.39% in high glucose level. Moreover, the visualization results revealed that the highlights of ECG for the different BG ranges were different. In addition, the sensitivity of prediabetes/diabetes screening based on ECG was up to 98.48%, and the specificity was 76.75%. Therefore, we conclude that the proposed approach for BG range monitoring and prediabetes/diabetes screening has potentials in practical applications.

中文翻译：

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通过使用DBSCAN-CNN，基于ECG的三个葡萄糖范围的非侵入性监测。

自主神经系统（ANS）可以通过包括心脏在内的不同器官的协调来维持体内平衡。血糖（BG）水平的变化会刺激ANS，从而导致心电图（ECG）的变化。考虑到监测不同的BG范围对于糖尿病护理具有重要意义，在本文中，提出了一种基于ECG的技术以实现三个BG范围的无创监测：低血糖水平，中血糖水平和高血糖水平。为此，进行了包括禁食测试和口服葡萄糖耐量测试在内的多个实验，并连续记录了来自21位成年人的ECG信号。此外，提出了一种将基于密度的应用程序空间聚类与噪声和卷积神经网络（DBSCAN-CNN）融合的方法，用于离群值的ECG预处理和基于ECG的BG范围分类。此外，图形化地显示了与不同BG范围相关的ECG重要信息。结果表明，准确分类的百分比在低血糖水平下为87.94％，在中等血糖水平下为69.36％，在高血糖水平下为86.39％。此外，可视化结果显示，不同BG范围的ECG亮点不同。另外，基于ECG的糖尿病前期/糖尿病筛查的敏感性高达98.48％，特异性为76.75％。所以，