Ectotherms can respond to global warming via evolutionary change of their upper thermal limits (CTmax ). Thus, the estimation of CTmax and its evolutionary potential is crucial to determine their vulnerability to global warming. However, CTmax estimations depend on the thermal stress intensity, and it is not completely clear whether its evolutionary capacity can be affected. Here, we performed an artificial selection experiment to increase heat tolerance using fast- and slow-ramping selection protocols in Drosophila subobscura. We found that heat tolerance evolved in both selection protocols, exhibiting similar evolutionary change rates and realized heritabilities. Additionally, we estimated the thermal performance curves (TPC) to evaluate correlated responses to selection on heat tolerance. We detected that thermal optimum increased in fast-ramping selection lines, but with a cost at the thermal performance breadth. Conversely, we did not detect changes in the TPC for the slow-ramping selection lines, indicating that thermal stress intensity has important effects on the evolution of thermal physiology of ectotherms. These findings, together with previous studies in D. subobscura reporting interpopulation variability and significant heritabilities for heat tolerance, suggest that evolutionary change can contribute to insect persistence in thermally changing environments and adaptation to global warming conditions.

中文翻译：

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果蝇亚种的热选择对比下耐热性和热性能曲线的实验演变。

Ectotherms可以通过热上限（CTmax）的变化来响应全球变暖。因此，CTmax及其演化潜力的估计对于确定它们对全球变暖的脆弱性至关重要。但是，CTmax估计值取决于热应力强度，尚不清楚它的进化能力是否会受到影响。在这里，我们进行了人工选择实验，以使用果蝇亚果蝇的快速和慢速爬升选择协议来提高耐热性。我们发现耐热性在两种选择方案中都有所发展，表现出相似的进化变化率和可实现的遗传力。此外，我们估算了热性能曲线（TPC），以评估对耐热性选择的相关响应。我们检测到，快速优化选择线的热最优性有所提高，但是在热性能广度上却付出了代价。相反，我们没有检测到缓坡选择线的TPC发生变化，这表明热应力强度对等温线的热生理演化具有重要影响。这些发现以及先前在地下梭菌中的研究报告了种群间的变异性和耐热性的显着遗传力，表明进化变化可以促进昆虫在热变化环境中的持久性和对全球变暖条件的适应性。表明热应力强度对等温线的热生理演化具有重要影响。这些发现以及先前在地下梭菌中的研究报告了种群间的变异性和耐热性的显着遗传力，表明进化变化可以促进昆虫在热变化环境中的持久性和对全球变暖条件的适应性。表明热应力强度对等温线的热生理演化有重要影响。这些发现以及先前在地下梭菌中的研究报告了种群间的变异性和耐热性的显着遗传力，表明进化变化可以促进昆虫在热变化环境中的持久性和对全球变暖条件的适应性。