The present study examined, within a longitudinal family-informed design and across middle childhood, the predictive associations between preference for solitude and social wariness, two forms of social withdrawal, and peer difficulties. Specifically, preference for solitude, rather than social wariness, was expected to predict peer victimization and rejection, two aspects of peer difficulties. A total of 1,014 children from the Quebec Newborn Twin Study were assessed by teachers and peers at ages 6, 7, and 10 years. Multilevel analyses conducted across three levels, between family, within family, and within person, revealed that preference for solitude, rather than social wariness, increased the risk for peer difficulties in terms of both peer victimization and peer rejection. Specifically, preference for solitude was systematically associated with peer rejection starting at age 6 years and became progressively associated with peer victimization over time. This pattern was found both between and within families. In addition, the predictive association with peer rejection was found within genetically identical, monozygotic twin pairs, suggesting that this predictive association existed after taking into account genetic vulnerabilities. Social wariness was systematically unrelated to peer difficulties. These findings suggest that preference for solitude, rather than social wariness, is a risk factor for peer difficulties. They underscore the relevance of distinguishing these dimensions of social withdrawal and illustrate the usefulness of a family-informed design to document the processes underlying childhood social adjustment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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社会上的警惕，对孤独的偏爱和中年儿童的同伴困难：一项针对家庭的纵向研究。

本研究在一个纵向的家庭知情设计中和整个童年时期研究了对孤独和社交谨慎，社交退缩的两种形式以及同伴困难之间的预测联系。具体而言，人们期望孤独而不是社交警惕会预测同伴受害和拒绝，这是同伴困难的两个方面。老师和同龄人对年龄分别为6、7和10岁的魁北克新生儿双胞胎研究的1,014名儿童进行了评估。在家庭之间，家庭内部和人与人之间的三个层次上进行的多层次分析显示，对孤独感的偏好而不是对社会的警惕性，增加了在同伴受害和同伴拒绝方面出现同伴困难的风险。具体来说，从6岁开始，对孤独的偏爱就与同伴排斥相关，并且随着时间的推移，与同伴受害逐渐相关。在家庭之间和家庭内部都发现了这种模式。此外，在同基因的单卵双胞胎对中发现了与同伴排斥的预测性关联，这表明这种预测性关联是在考虑了遗传脆弱性之后才存在的。社会上的警惕性与同伴的困难毫无关系。这些发现表明，对孤独感的偏好而不是对社会的警惕是导致同伴困难的风险因素。他们强调区分社会退缩的这些方面的重要性，并说明了以家庭为依据的设计对记录儿童社会适应过程的有用性。