Most land plants are now known to be ancient polyploids that have rediploidized. Diploidization involves many changes in genome organization that ultimately restore bivalent chromosome pairing, disomic inheritance, and resolve dosage and other issues caused by genome duplication. In this review, we discuss the nature of polyploidy and its impact on chromosome pairing behavior. We also provide an overview of two major and largely independent processes of diploidization: cytological diploidization and genic diploidization/fractionation. Finally, we compare variation in gene fractionation across land plants and highlight the differences in diploidization between plants and animals. Altogether, we demonstrate recent advancements in our understanding of variation in the patterns and processes of diploidization in land plants and provide a road map for future research to unlock the mysteries of diploidization and eukaryotic genome evolution. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

中文翻译：

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陆地植物二倍体化的模式和过程。

现在已知大多数陆地植物是已经重倍化的古老多倍体。二倍体化涉及基因组组织中的许多变化，这些变化最终恢复了二价染色体配对，二体染色体遗传，并解决了由基因组重复引起的剂量和其他问题。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了多倍体的性质及其对染色体配对行为的影响。我们还提供了二倍体化的两个主要且基本独立的过程的概述：细胞学二倍体化和基因二倍体化/分馏。最后，我们比较了陆地植物中基因分级分离的差异，并强调了动植物之间二倍体化的差异。共，我们证明了我们对陆地植物二倍体化模式和过程变化的理解的最新进展，并为今后研究解锁二倍体化和真核基因组进化之谜提供了路线图。《植物生物学年度评论》第72卷的最终最终在线发布日期为2021年5月。有关修订的估算，请参见http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates。