The high infectivity and pathogenicity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have caused the COVID-19 outbreak, one of the most devastating pandemics in more than a century. This pandemic has already left a trail of destruction, including enormous loss of life, a global economic slump, and widespread psychological damage. Despite assiduous world-wide endeavors, an effective cure for COVID-19 is still lacking. Surprisingly, infected neonates and children have relatively mild clinical manifestations and a much lower fatality rate than elderly adults. Recent studies have unambiguously demonstrated the vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from infected pregnant women to fetuses, which creates yet another challenge for disease prevention. In this review, we will summarize the molecular mechanism for entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells, the basis for the failure of the lungs and other organs in severe acute cases, and the evidence for congenital transmission.

中文翻译：

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SARS-CoV-2 的进出和垂直传播

严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 的高传染性和致病性导致了 COVID-19 的爆发，这是一个多世纪以来最具破坏性的流行病之一。这场大流行已经留下了破坏的痕迹，包括巨大的生命损失、全球经济衰退和广泛的心理伤害。尽管在世界范围内进行了艰苦的努力，但仍然缺乏针对 COVID-19 的有效治疗方法。令人惊讶的是，受感染的新生儿和儿童的临床表现相对较轻，死亡率比老年人低得多。最近的研究明确证明了 SARS-CoV-2 从受感染的孕妇到胎儿的垂直传播，这给疾病预防带来了又一个挑战。在本次审查中，