Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies, and its incidence and mortality are increasing worldwide. Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment in recent years. In particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), as new therapeutic tools, have demonstrated encouraging antitumor activity and manageable tolerability in HCC. Immune checkpoint blockade with antibodies targeting Programmed cell Death-1 (PD-1), Programmed cell Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA- 4) enhances tumor immunity by restoring exhausted T cells. Although the efficacy of combinational treatment strategies using ICIs combined with other ICIs, molecularly targeted agents, systemic therapy, or locoregional therapy has been well documented in numerous preclinical and clinical studies in several types of cancer, most HCC patients do not benefit from ICI treatment. This review highlights recent developments and potential opportunities related to ICIs and their combination in the management of HCC. The present article also reviews recent patents related to ICIs.

肝细胞癌（HCC）是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，其发病率和死亡率在全球范围内呈上升趋势。近年来，癌症免疫疗法彻底改变了癌症治疗。特别是，免疫检查点抑制剂 (ICI) 作为新的治疗工具，已在 HCC 中显示出令人鼓舞的抗肿瘤活性和可控的耐受性。免疫检查点阻断与靶向程序性细胞死亡-1 (PD-1)、程序性细胞死亡配体-1 (PD-L1) 和细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞相关蛋白 4 (CTLA-4) 的抗体通过恢复耗尽的 T 细胞来增强肿瘤免疫力细胞。尽管使用 ICI 与其他 ICI、分子靶向药物、全身治疗、或局部区域治疗已在多种癌症的大量临床前和临床研究中得到充分证明，但大多数 HCC 患者并未从 ICI 治疗中受益。本综述重点介绍了与 ICI 及其在 HCC 管理中的组合相关的最新发展和潜在机会。本文还回顾了与 ICI 相关的最新专利。