Background: The host innate immune system can recognize Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) through Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), thereby initiating innate immune responses and subsequent adaptive immune responses. PAMPs can be developed as a vaccine adjuvant for modulating and optimizing antigen-specific immune responses, especially in combating viral infections and tumor therapy. Although several PAMP adjuvants have been successfully developed they are still lacking in general, and many of them are in the preclinical exploration stage.

Objective: This review summarizes the research progress and development direction of PAMP adjuvants, focusing on their immune mechanisms and clinical applications.

Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were screened for this information. We highlight the immune mechanisms and clinical applications of PAMP adjuvants.

Results: Because of the differences in receptor positions, specific immune cells targets, and signaling pathways, the detailed molecular mechanism and pharmacokinetic properties of one agonist cannot be fully generalized to another agonist, and each PAMP should be studied separately. In addition, combination therapy and effective integration of different adjuvants can increase the additional efficacy of innate and adaptive immune responses.

Conclusion: The mechanisms by which PAMPs exert adjuvant functions are diverse. With continuous discovery in the future, constant adjustments should be made to build new understandings. At present, the goal of therapeutic vaccination is to induce T cells that can specifically recognize and eliminate tumor cells and establish long-term immune memory. Following immune checkpoint modulation therapy, cancer treatment vaccines may be an option worthy of clinical testing.

背景：宿主先天免疫系统可以通过模式识别受体（PRRs）识别病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs），从而启动先天免疫反应和随后的适应性免疫反应。PAMPs 可以开发为疫苗佐剂，用于调节和优化抗原特异性免疫反应，尤其是在对抗病毒感染和肿瘤治疗方面。虽然已经成功开发了几种PAMP佐剂，但总体上仍然缺乏，其中许多还处于临床前探索阶段。

目的：综述PAMP佐剂的研究进展和发展方向，重点阐述其免疫机制和临床应用。

方法：对 PubMed、Scopus 和 Google Scholar 进行筛选以获取这些信息。我们重点介绍了 PAMP 佐剂的免疫机制和临床应用。

结果：由于受体位置、特定免疫细胞靶点和信号通路的差异，一种激动剂的详细分子机制和药代动力学特性不能完全推广到另一种激动剂，应分别研究每种 PAMP。此外，联合治疗和不同佐剂的有效整合可以增加先天性和适应性免疫反应的额外功效。

结论：PAMPs发挥佐剂功能的机制多种多样。未来要不断发现，不断调整，建立新的认识。目前，治疗性疫苗接种的目标是诱导能够特异性识别和清除肿瘤细胞并建立长期免疫记忆的T细胞。在免疫检查点调节治疗之后，癌症治疗疫苗可能是一个值得临床试验的选择。