Research has shown that negative life events contribute to the development of depression. Moreover, it has been suggested that individuals with a family history of depression experience more negative life events and are more susceptible to the effect of negative life events. However, previous studies did not differentiate stable between-person effects (interindividual differences) and temporal within-person effects (intraindividual differences). This study aims to examine the bidirectional relation between negative life events and depressive symptoms using a novel statistical method (i.e., a random intercept cross-lagged panel model) that allows to separate within-person from between-person processes. Second, we examined the role of family history in that relation. Data came from 1,771 adults (1,320 with a depressive and/or anxiety disorder, 451 controls) that were followed over 9 years (baseline, 2-, 4-, 6-, and 9-year follow-up). Questionnaires were used to measure depressive symptoms and the number of independent (i.e., events independent of someone's symptoms) and dependent negative life events (i.e., events more likely to be influenced by a person). Results showed that individuals with more negative life events experienced more depressive symptoms on a between-person level. Additionally, although the effects were considerably smaller, results suggested within-person increases in dependent and independent negative life events were correlated with within-person increases in depressive symptoms. Overall, our results suggest that negative life events and depressive symptoms are more consistently associated on a between-person than on a within-person level. Thus, negative life events may rather explain differences in depressive symptoms between persons than within persons. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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负面生活事件与抑郁症状之间的纵向关联——一项关于人与人之间影响以及家族史作用的 9 年纵向研究。

研究表明，消极的生活事件会导致抑郁症的发展。此外，有研究表明，有抑郁症家族史的人会经历更多的负面生活事件，更容易受到负面生活事件的影响。然而，之前的研究没有区分稳定的人际效应（个体间差异）和时间性的人际效应（个体差异）。本研究旨在使用一种新的统计方法（即随机截距交叉滞后面板模型）检查负面生活事件和抑郁症状之间的双向关系，该方法允许将人内过程与人际过程分开。其次，我们研究了家族史在这种关系中的作用。数据来自 1,771 名成年人（1,320 名患有抑郁症和/或焦虑症，451 名对照者）进行了 9 年的随访（基线、2 年、4 年、6 年和 9 年随访）。问卷用于测量抑郁症状和独立（即独立于某人症状的事件）和依赖性负面生活事件（即更可能受一个人影响的事件）的数量。结果表明，在人与人之间，有更多负面生活事件的人会经历更多的抑郁症状。此外，尽管影响要小得多，但结果表明，依赖和独立的负面生活事件在人体内的增加与抑郁症状在人体内的增加有关。总体而言，我们的研究结果表明，消极生活事件和抑郁症状在人与人之间比在人内更一致。因此，消极的生活事件可能更能解释人与人之间抑郁症状的差异，而不是人内部的差异。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2021 APA，保留所有权利）。