Both in the European Union (EU) and worldwide, the resilience of agri-food systems depends on the human ability to balance between socio-economic and ecological trade-offs. Recent ecosystem services literature acknowledges that smallholder farmers’ participation to stakeholder partnerships and continuous learning influences their balancing ability. Yet, little research has so far focused on how smallholders’ participation in partnerships with other value chain actors - such as companies supplying or procuring from them - shape their learning processes and, in turn, how their mindset and behavioral change influences agri-food systems resilience outcomes. To address this gap, this conceptual paper advances a framework suggesting plausible linkages between: the organization of value chain partnerships; smallholder farmer entrepreneurship (meant as the ability to redeploy resources innovatively in and around farms); and agri-food systems resilience outcomes (such as stabilizing rural livelihoods, supporting ecological services and enhancing socio-cultural services). This framework suggests that value chain partnerships are more effective in supporting the smallholder farmers’ entrepreneurial learning: when they pool more resources (both tangible, like financial or physical assets, and intangible as knowledge or market information) among partners; when they distribute decision-making rights over their use more evenly; and when they balance between formal and informal coordination mechanisms. On the basis of empirical examples, these conceptual arguments suggest that policy incentives – such as the new Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in the EU – should be directed towards resource pooling, experimentation and learning to effectively support smallholder farmer entrepreneurship and their contribution to the achievement of agri-food systems resilience outcomes.

在欧洲联盟（EU）和世界范围内，农业食品系统的弹性都取决于人类在社会经济与生态权衡之间取得平衡的能力。最新的生态系统服务文献承认，小农户对利益相关者伙伴关系的参与和持续学习会影响他们的平衡能力。然而，迄今为止，很少有研究集中在小农如何与其他价值链参与者（例如从他们那里提供产品或从他们那里采购的公司）参与伙伴关系中来影响他们的学习过程，以及他们的思维方式和行为改变如何影响农业食品系统。复原力结果。为了解决这一差距，本概念文件提出了一个框架，提出了以下合理的联系：价值链伙伴关系的组织；小农农民企业家精神（是指以创新的方式在农场内和农场附近重新部署资源的能力）；农业食品系统的复原力成果（例如稳定农村生计，支持生态服务和增强社会文化服务）。该框架表明，价值链伙伴关系在支持小农农民的创业学习方面更有效：当他们在伙伴之间汇集更多资源（有形的，如金融或有形资产，无形的，如知识或市场信息）时；当他们更平均地分配其使用的决策权时；以及何时在正式和非正式协调机制之间取得平衡。根据经验例子，