We re-examine the long-run geographical development of US manufacturing industries using recent advances in spatial concentration measures. We construct spatially weighted indices of the geographical concentration between 1880 and 2007 taking into account industrial structure and checkerboard problem. New results emerge. Average spatial concentration was much lower in the late 20th than in the late 19th century, and it was the outcome of a continuing reduction over time. Spatial concentration did not increase in the early 20th century but declined, and we find no inverted-U shape pattern of long-run spatial concentration. The persistent tendency to greater spatial dispersion was characteristic of most industries.

中文翻译：

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美国制造业的空间集中度：重新审视长期趋势

我们利用空间集中度测量的最新进展重新审视了美国制造业的长期地理发展。考虑到产业结构和棋盘问题，我们构建了 1880 年至 2007 年间地理集中度的空间加权指数。新的结果出现。20 世纪末的平均空间集中度远低于 19 世纪末，这是随着时间的推移持续减少的结果。20世纪初空间集中度不增反降，没有发现长期空间集中度的倒U型格局。大多数行业的特征是持续存在更大空间分散的趋势。