(1) Background: exposure to heavy metals is associated with adverse health effects and disproportionately impacts low-income communities and communities of color. We carried out a community-based participatory research study to examine the distribution of heavy metal concentrations in the soil and social vulnerabilities to soil heavy metal exposures across Census tracts in Santa Ana, CA. (2) Methods: soil samples (n = 1528) of eight heavy metals including lead (Pb), arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) were collected in 2018 across Santa Ana, CA, at a high spatial resolution and analyzed using XRF analysis. Metal concentrations were mapped out and American Community Survey data was utilized to assess metals throughout Census tracts in terms of social and economic variables. Risk assessment was conducted to evaluate carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk. (3) Results: concentrations of soil metals varied according to landuse type and socioeconomic factors. Census tracts where the median household income was under $50 000 had 390%, 92.9%, 56.6%, and 54.3% higher Pb, Zn, Cd, and As concentrations compared to high-income counterparts. All Census tracts in Santa Ana showed hazard index >1, implying the potential for non-carcinogenic health effects, and nearly all Census tracts showed a cancer risk above 10⁻⁴, implying a greater than acceptable risk. Risk was predominantly driven by childhood exposure. (4) Conclusions: findings inform initiatives related to environmental justice and highlight subpopulations at elevated risk of heavy metal exposure, in turn underscoring the need for community-driven recommendations for policies and other actions to remediate soil contamination and protect the health of residents.

中文翻译：

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加利福尼亚州圣安娜市人口普查地区土壤重金属污染的风险评估：对健康和环境正义的影响

（1）背景：暴露于重金属会给健康带来不利影响，并严重影响低收入社区和有色人种。我们进行了一项基于社区的参与性研究，以研究加利福尼亚州圣安娜市人口普查区土壤中重金属浓度的分布以及社会对土壤重金属暴露的脆弱性。（2）方法：土壤样品（n收集了包括铅（Pb），砷（As），锰（Mn），铬（Cr），镍（Ni），铜（Cu），镉（Cd）和锌（Zn）在内的八种重金属（= 1528）于2018年在加利福尼亚州圣安娜市（Santa Ana）以高空间分辨率进行分析，并使用XRF分析进行了分析。绘制了金属浓度图，并利用美国社区调查数据从社会和经济变量的角度评估了整个人口普查区域的金属。进行风险评估以评估致癌和非致癌风险。（3）结果：土壤金属的浓度根据土地利用类型和社会经济因素而变化。与高收入人群相比，家庭收入中位数低于5万美元的人口普查区的Pb，Zn，Cd和As浓度分别高390％，92.9％，56.6％和54.3％。圣安娜所有人口普查区域的危险指数均> 1，⁻⁴，表示大于可接受的风险。风险主要是由儿童暴露引起的。（4）结论：研究结果为与环境正义有关的倡议提供了信息，并强调了重金属暴露风险较高的亚人群，进而强调了由社区推动的关于采取政策和其他行动来补救土壤污染和保护居民健康的建议的必要性。