Cerebral small vessel diseases (SVDs) are a group of related pathologies that collectively account for over 25% of ischemic strokes and more than 40% of all dementias (1, 2). Although genetic forms have been identified, sporadic SVDs are the most common and become prevalent with increasing age. The causes of sporadic SVDs remain poorly understood, and no treatment options are currently available. SVDs can occur in any organ in the body. However, the brain’s microvasculature is uniquely susceptible to dysfunction. In tissues such as skeletal muscle, metabolic demand is met in part by an organ-wide dilation of the vasculature that lowers the resistance to flow so that increased demand is satisfied by a surge of blood flow throughout the tissue. In contrast, the skull imposes an essentially fixed volume to prevent global increases in the amount of blood in the brain. Thus, nature has evolved mechanisms unique to the cerebral circulation to rapidly redirect blood flow to brain regions with higher metabolic activity at the cost of diminished flow elsewhere (3, 4). This process is termed functional hyperemia. It involves communication between active brain regions and the cerebral vasculature by loosely defined processes known as “neurovascular coupling” (5⇓–7).

中文翻译：

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PIP2 作为神经血管耦合的“领域硬币” [神经科学]

脑小血管疾病 (SVD) 是一组相关的病理，它们共同占缺血性中风的 25% 以上和所有痴呆症的 40% 以上 ( 1 , 2）。尽管已经确定了遗传形式，但散发性 SVD 是最常见的，并且随着年龄的增长变得普遍。对散发性 SVD 的原因仍然知之甚少，目前没有可用的治疗方案。SVD 可以发生在身体的任何器官中。然而，大脑的微血管系统独特地容易出现功能障碍。在骨骼肌等组织中，代谢需求部分通过脉管系统的器官范围扩张来满足，这降低了流动阻力，从而通过整个组织的血流激增来满足增加的需求。相比之下，颅骨强加了一个基本固定的体积，以防止大脑中血液总量的增加。因此，3，4）。这个过程被称为功能性充血。它涉及通过称为“神经血管耦合”（5 ⇓ – 7）的松散定义过程在活跃的大脑区域和脑血管系统之间进行通信。