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Measurement and evaluation of gaseous and particulate emissions from burning scented and unscented candles
Environment International ( IF 11.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-06 , DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106590
Tunga Salthammer 1 , Jianwei Gu 1 , Sebastian Wientzek 1 , Rob Harrington 2 , Stefan Thomann 3
Affiliation  

It has been known for a long time that incomplete combustion processes produce by-products that are harmful to human health. Particularly high concentrations of such by-products can arise in indoor environments when operating open flames without venting. The emission behavior of many combustion sources, including candles, has already been examined in detail. However, to date there are no studies in which the chemical composition of the candles is known exactly or where the candles were specifically manufactured for comparative measurements. In this respect, the study presented here, which was designed in collaboration with candle manufacturers and fragrance houses, demonstrates new insights into the emissions of burning candles depending on their composition.

All investigations were carried out under controlled climatic conditions in an 8 m3 stainless steel chamber. Combinations of four different fuels (waxes) and five different fragrances in addition to one set of unscented control candles were examined. This resulted in 24 experiments, 20 with scented candles and four with unscented candles. The typical combustion gases carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and NOx, organic compounds, such as formaldehyde, benzene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PM2.5 and ultrafine particles were monitored in the chamber air and the emission rates were determined. The data were statistically evaluated using parametric and non-parametric methods as well as hierarchical cluster analysis. Exposure scenarios typical for indoor environments were calculated from the emission rates and the results were compared with indoor guidance and reference values.

As expected, a multitude of gaseous and particulate emissions were detected. These were typical combustion products as well as evaporated constituents of the fragrance mixtures. In most cases, the calculated indoor concentrations were well below the respective guidance and reference values. The exceptions observed in some cases for nitrogen dioxide, acrolein and benzo[a]pyrene are discussed critically.



中文翻译:

燃烧有香味和无香味蜡烛的气体和微粒排放的测量和评估

长期以来,人们都知道不完全燃烧过程会产生对人体健康有害的副产品。当在不通风的情况下操作明火时,在室内环境中会产生特别高浓度的此类副产品。许多燃烧源(包括蜡烛)的排放行为已经过详细研究。然而,迄今为止,还没有确切知道蜡烛的化学成分或专门制造蜡烛用于比较测量的研究。在这方面,这里介绍的研究是与蜡烛制造商和香水公司合作设计的,展示了对燃烧蜡烛的排放取决于其成分的新见解。

所有研究均在受控气候条件下在 8 m 3不锈钢室中进行。除了一组无味对照蜡烛之外,还检查了四种不同燃料(蜡)和五种不同香料的组合。这导致了 24 个实验,其中 20 个使用香味蜡烛,4 个使用无味蜡烛。典型的燃烧气体一氧化碳,二氧化碳和NO X,有机化合物,如甲醛,苯和多环芳烃,PM 2.5并对室内空气中的超细颗粒进行监测,并确定排放率。使用参数和非参数方法以及层次聚类分析对数据进行统计评估。根据排放率计算室内环境典型的暴露场景,并将结果与​​室内指导值和参考值进行比较。

正如预期的那样,检测到大量气体和颗粒排放物。这些是典型的燃烧产物以及香料混合物的蒸发成分。在大多数情况下,计算出的室内浓度远低于各自的指导值和参考值。在某些情况下观察到的二氧化氮、丙烯醛和苯并 [a] 芘的例外情况进行了批判性讨论。

更新日期:2021-05-06
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