Exertional rhabdomyolysis may occur when an individual is subjected to strenuous physical exercise. It is occasionally associated with myoglobinuria (i.e. “cola-colored” urine) alongside muscle pain and weakness. The pathophysiology of exertional rhabdomyolysis involves striated muscle damage and the release of cellular components into extracellular fluid and bloodstream. This can cause acute renal failure, electrolyte abnormalities, arrhythmias and potentially death. Exertional rhabdomyolysis is observed in high-performance athletes who are subjected to intense, repetitive and/or prolonged exercise but is also observed in untrained individuals and highly trained or elite groups of military personnel. Several risk factors have been reported to increase the likelihood of the condition in athletes, including: viral infection, drug and alcohol abuse, exercise in intensely hot and humid environments, genetic polymorphisms (e.g. sickle cell trait and McArdle disease) and epigenetic modifications. This article reviews several of these risk factors and proposes screening protocols to identify individual susceptibility to exertional rhabdomyolysis as well as the relevance of proteomics for the evaluation of potential biomarkers of muscle damage.

当一个人进行剧烈的体育锻炼时，可能会发生劳力性横纹肌溶解症。它偶尔与肌红蛋白尿（即“可乐色”尿液）以及肌肉疼痛和虚弱有关。劳力性横纹肌溶解症的病理生理学涉及横纹肌损伤和细胞成分释放到细胞外液和血液中。这会导致急性肾功能衰竭、电解质异常、心律失常和潜在的死亡。劳力性横纹肌溶解症见于高强度、重复性和/或长时间运动的高性能运动员，但也见于未经训练的个人和训练有素的或精英军事人员群体。据报道，一些风险因素会增加运动员患病的可能性，包括：病毒感染、吸毒和酗酒、在极度炎热和潮湿的环境中锻炼、遗传多态性（例如镰状细胞性状和 McArdle 病）和表观遗传修饰。本文回顾了这些风险因素中的几个，并提出了筛选方案，以确定个体对劳力性横纹肌溶解的易感性，以及蛋白质组学在评估肌肉损伤的潜在生物标志物方面的相关性。