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Rupture directivity in 3D inferred from acoustic emissions events in a mine-scale hydraulic fracturing experiment
Frontiers in Earth Science ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-05-05 , DOI: 10.3389/feart.2021.670757
José Ángel López-Comino , Simone Cesca , Peter Niemz , Torsten Dahm , Arno Zang

Rupture directivity, implying a predominant earthquake rupture propagation direction, is typically inferred upon the identification of 2D azimuthal patterns of seismic observations for weak to large earthquakes using surface-monitoring networks. However, the recent increase of 3D monitoring networks deployed in the shallow subsurface and underground laboratories towards the monitoring of microseismicity allows to extend the directivity analysis to 3D modeling, beyond the usual range of magnitudes. The high-quality full waveforms recorded for the largest, decimeter-scale acoustic emission (AE) events during a meter-scale hydraulic fracturing experiment in granites at ~410 m depth allow us to resolve the apparent durations observed at each AE sensor to analyze 3D-directivity effects. Unilateral and (asymmetric) bilateral ruptures are then characterized by the introduction of a parameter κ, representing the angle between the directivity vector and the station vector. While the cloud of AE activity indicates the planes of the hydrofractures, the resolved directivity vectors show off-plane orientations, indicating that rupture planes of microfractures on a scale of centimeters have different geometries. Our results reveal a general alignment of the rupture directivity with the orientation of the minimum horizontal stress, implying that not only the slip direction but also the fracture growth produced by the fluid injections is controlled by the local stress conditions.

中文翻译:

在矿山规模的水力压裂实验中,由声发射事件推断出的3D破裂方向性

破裂方向性,暗示着主要的地震破裂传播方向,通常是通过使用地面监测网络对弱到大地震的地震观测的2D方位角模式进行推断得出的。但是,最近在浅层地下和地下实验室中部署的3D监测网络越来越多地用于微震监测,这使得方向性分析可以扩展到3D建模,超出了通常的幅度范围。在约410 m深度的花岗岩中的米级水力压裂实验中记录的最大十亿分之一米级声发射(AE)事件的高质量全波形,使我们能够解析每个AE传感器观察到的表观持续时间,以分析3D方向性效应。然后,单侧和(非对称)双侧破裂的特征是引入参数κ,该参数代表方向矢量和测站矢量之间的夹角。虽然AE活动云指示水力裂缝的平面,但解析的方向性矢量显示出平面外的方向,这表明微裂缝的破裂平面(以厘米为单位)具有不同的几何形状。我们的结果表明,破裂方向性与最小水平应力方向大致吻合,这意味着不仅滑动方向,而且流体注入产生的裂缝增长也受局部应力条件控制。虽然AE活动云指示水力裂缝的平面,但解析的方向性矢量显示出平面外的方向,这表明微裂缝的破裂平面(以厘米为单位)具有不同的几何形状。我们的结果表明,破裂方向性与最小水平应力方向大致吻合,这意味着不仅滑动方向,而且流体注入产生的裂缝增长也受局部应力条件控制。虽然AE活动云指示水力裂缝的平面,但解析的方向性矢量显示出平面外的方向,这表明微裂缝的破裂平面(以厘米为单位)具有不同的几何形状。我们的结果表明,破裂方向性与最小水平应力方向大致吻合,这意味着不仅滑动方向,而且流体注入产生的裂缝增长也受局部应力条件控制。
更新日期:2021-05-05
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