Anthropologists contribute key insights toward a comprehensive understanding of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) as a multidimensional, multiscalar, and culturally embedded phenomenon. Yet, these insights have yet to be sufficiently operationalized and implemented in WASH development and wider WASH access-related paradigms. Ensuring WASH security requires a comprehensive approach to identifying both human health risk and environmental impact of WASH-related programs and strategies. It requires an understanding of how sanitation is integrated into households and communities and how individuals within particular cultural contexts practice sanitation and hygiene. This work facilitates that goal by outlining the major contributions of anthropology and allied social sciences to WASH, as well as outlining key considerations for future work and collaboration. We identify six major themes that, if applied in future engineering approaches, will more equitably integrate stakeholders and multiple vantage points in the successful implementation of WASH projects for marginalized and diverse groups. These include a critical understanding of previous approaches, culturally aware interventions, capacity building that considers (un)intended impact, co-created technology, collaboration between fields such as anthropology and engineering, and challenge-ready initiatives that respond to historic and emergent social and environmental inequity.

中文翻译：

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全球水、环境卫生和个人卫生方法：人类学贡献和未来工程方向

人类学家为全面理解水、环境卫生和个人卫生 (WASH) 作为一种多维度、多尺度和文化嵌入的现象提供了重要见解。然而，这些见解尚未在 WASH 开发和更广泛的 WASH 获取相关范例中得到充分的操作和实施。确保 WASH 安全需要采取全面的方法来识别 WASH 相关计划和策略的人类健康风险和环境影响。它需要了解卫生设施如何融入家庭和社区以及特定文化背景下的个人如何实践卫生设施和个人卫生。这项工作概述了人类学和相关社会科学对 WASH 的主要贡献，并概述了未来工作和合作的关键考虑因素，从而促进了这一目标的实现。我们确定了六个主要主题，如果将其应用到未来的工程方法中，将更公平地整合利益相关者和多个优势点，为边缘化和多元化群体成功实施 WASH 项目。其中包括对以前方法的批判性理解、文化意识干预、考虑（非）预期影响的能力建设、共同创造的技术、人类学和工程学等领域之间的合作，以及应对历史和新兴社会和问题的应对挑战的举措。环境不平等。